ABSTRACT
Background: Endometrial hyperplasia is characterised by increased gland to stroma ratio with varying degree of atypia. Cyclin D1 is a protein playing important role during the G1→S phase transition in the cell cycle. The present study evaluated the expression of Cyclin D1 in normal and hyperplastic endometrium.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted over a period of 1 year. We evaluated and compared the expression of Cyclin D1 in 56 endometrial samples including 24 cases of simple hyperplasia, 12 cases of complex hyperplasia and 10 cases each of secretory and proliferative endometrium.Results: A substantial increase in expression of Cyclin D1 was seen in hyperplastic endometrium compared to normal endometrium. Moreover, complex hyperplasia showed the maximum positivity for Cyclin D1.Conclusions: Cyclin D1 may play a stimulatory role in the proliferation of endometrial glands and hence may be involved in endometrial tumorigenesis.
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Introduction: Breast carcinoma is the most common canceramong women in both developing and developed countries.It needs alarming attention because it causes high morbidityand mortality. There is a need to understand the initiationand progression of breast cancer on hormonal, cellular andmolecular basis which forms the platform for designing oftargeted therapy. This study was intended to find correlationbetween the expression of Estrogen receptor, Progesteronereceptor and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2with histological grade in cases of carcinoma breast.Material and methods: This study was conducted in theDepartment of Pathology at Bhagat Phool Singh GovernmentMedical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonepat on 55histologically confirmed breast cancer cases.Results: The age of the patients ranged from 27 to 70 yearsand the mean age was 51.56 ± 11.39 years. Invasive ductalcarcinoma - no special type was the most common histologicaltype(92.72%). The most common histological grade observedwas grade II i.e. 61.82%. Lymph nodes involvement was seenin 55.32% of the cases. ER, PR and HER-2/neu positivitywas observed in 45.45%, 47.27% and 25.45% of the casesrespectively. ER and PR were found to correlate withhistological grade (p<0.05) while no correlation was observedbetween HER-2/neu and histological grade(p>0.05).Conclusion: Evaluation of ER, PR, and HER-2/neu statusshould be incorporated routinely as a part of histopathologyreports in all cases of breast carcinoma as they not onlyhelp in assessment of prognosis, but also help in decidingmanagement and improving overall survival.
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Introduction: Sepsis in elderly patients is a critical clinicalissue due to high rates of morbidity and mortality. The modernage cell counters precisely measure volume, size and internalstructure of the cell thereby assessing increase in volumeand cytoplasmic granularity of leukocytes as seen in casesof sepsis. The present study was done to evaluate the useof Volume Conductivity Scatter (VCS) parameters as earlyindicators of sepsis in elderly patients and to overcome theshortcomings of blood culture by using a more precise VCStechnology to assess morphologic changes in cell populationsin sepsis.Material and Method: The study included 51 patients abovethe age of 50 years which were divided into 2 groups Group1, patients with localised infection (n= 39) and Group 2 withsystemic infection (n=12). Group 3 included 30 controlswithout any signs of infection and with total leucocyte countand differential counts within normal limits. Coulter LH 750cellular analysis system was used.Result: Significant increase in both mean neutrophil volume(MNV) and mean monocyte volume (MMV) was reportedamong the patients with sepsis as compared to localizedinfections or control. With a cut off of 145 and 170 for MNVand MMV respectively, a sensitivity of 96% and 91.4% wasobtained in predicting sepsis.Conclusion: Both MNV and MMV have the potential to beused as early indicators of acute bacterial infections.
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Introduction: Lipoma is the most common benign tumour of mesenchymal origin. They are quiet uncommon in head and neck region, constituting approximately 13% of all lipomas. Parotid gland lipomas are extremely rare with incidence ranging from 0.6% to 4.4%. Case report: We are reporting a rare case of parotid gland lipoma in a 42 year male presented with a slow growing painless swelling on the right side of the neck without any signs and symptoms of facial nerve degeneration. Conclusion: These tumours are seldom diagnosed clinically but imaging methods and fine needle aspiration can help reaching a pre-operative diagnosis. Surgical removal is treatment of choice in symptomatic cases
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Primary testicular lymphoma constitutes 1-2% of Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas affecting elderly men >60 years of age. The most common histologic type is Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Differential diagnosis includesseminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, granulomatous orchitis, pseudolymphoma and plasmacytoma.Treatment involves multimodality approach involving surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Despite aggressive therapy, prognosis of this neoplasm is poor.
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Squamous cell carcinoma of breast is a very aggressive, treatment-refractory tumor, with a poor prognosis. The case is being presented in view of the age of the patient for this extremely rare tumor of which histogenesis is unclear and biologic studies are urgently needed to find out relevant treatment targets. To the best of our knowledge no case of SCC of breast has been reported in 21 years of age.
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Symplasmic or atypical leiomyoma and lipoleiomyoma are two very rare morphological variants of leiomyoma of the uterus. Both the tumours show a benign behavior like the classical leiomyoma. But differentiated from the classical leiomyoma by presence of bizarre cellular pattern with paucity of mitosis and presence of mature lipocytes within a leiomyoma respectively. We report one case each of these variants in two routine fibroid uterus specimens of two different patients, as they can be misdiagnosed as leiomyosarcoma and well-differentiated liposarcoma respectively, by inexperienced pathologists.
Subject(s)
Diagnosis, Differential , Female , Humans , Leiomyoma/diagnosis , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Angiomyolipomas are the most common benign mesenchymal tumours of the kidney. Most of the angiomyolipomas in adults are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. We report a case in a symptomatic 55 yrs old male who had a huge retroperitoneal mass abdomen and in whom diagnosis and organ of origin remained unclear until operation and histopathological study was performed. Radiological and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) report of a malignant retroperitoneal tumour was given, but histological examination of the respective tumorous mass showed a benign renal tumour - angiomyolipoma. Our emphasis by reporting this case is to make cytopathologists and radiologists aware of such kind of diagnostic pitfall encountered while reporting retroperitoneal masses.
Subject(s)
Angiomyolipoma/diagnosis , Biopsy, Fine-Needle , Diagnosis, Differential , Humans , Kidney/pathology , Kidney Neoplasms/diagnosis , Male , Middle Aged , Retroperitoneal Neoplasms/diagnosisABSTRACT
Transitional cell carcinoma of cervix is a rare neoplasm of recent description. A case of primary transitional cell carcinoma of female genital tract i.e. uterine cervix in a 60 year-old postmenopausal female complicated by pyometra is reported.