ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess differences in executive functioning between children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbid or not with bipolar disorder (BD), and to study the neuropsychological profile of subjects with the comorbidity in a clinical sample from a developing country. Method: Case-control study comparing 23 participants with BD + ADHD and 85 ADHD-only subjects aged 6 to 17 years old. Both groups were drug-free. Executive function domains were assessed with the Stroop Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and the Continuous Performance Test II. Results: The group with juvenile BD + ADHD showed a significantly worse performance on the Stroop task, including time in color (p = 0.002), time in color-word (p < 0.001), interference, number or errors in color and color-word (p = 0.001), and number of errors in word cards (p = 0.028). No between-group differences were found in other tests. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ADHD-only and ADHD + BD do not show differences in inhibitory control and set-shifting domains. However, children and adolescents with BD and comorbid ADHD show greater impairment in processing speed and interference control. This suggests a potentially higher impairment in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and may be a potential neuropsychological signature of juvenile BD comorbid with ADHD. .
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Bipolar Disorder/physiopathology , Cognition Disorders/physiopathology , Executive Function/physiology , Case-Control Studies , Comorbidity , Multivariate Analysis , Neuropsychological Tests , Reference Values , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to investigate the association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) and prenatal, delivery and early postnatal complications (PDPC). METHOD: In a case-control design, we assessed a sample of 124 children and adolescents with ADHD-I and 124 non-ADHD controls (6-17 years old) from both a non-referred (n = 200) and a clinical sample (n = 48). Cases and controls, matched by gender and age, were systematically evaluated through structured diagnostic interviews. Prenatal, delivery and early postnatal complications (PDPC), as well as potential confounders were evaluated by direct interview with biological mothers. RESULTS: Conditional logistic regression analysis showed that children and adolescents whose mothers presented more PDPC had a significantly higher risk for ADHD-I (p = 0.005; OR = 1.25; CI 95%: 1.1-1.5). CONCLUSIONS: In a case-control study, we expanded to ADHD-I previous findings suggesting the association between perinatal factors and broadly defined ADHD. Due to the preventable nature of some of these PDPC, our results have clear impact in public mental health policies.
OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo é investigar a associação entre complicações perinatais (complicações ocorridas nos períodos pré, peri e pós-natal imediato -CPPs) e transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) do subtipo desatento (TDAH-D). MÉTODO: Em um estudo de casos e controles, foram avaliadas 124 crianças e adolescentes (6-17 anos) com TDAH-D e 124 controles sem a doença, provenientes tanto de uma amostra populacional (n = 200), quanto de uma amostra clínica (n = 48). Casos e controles, pareados por gênero e idade, foram sistematicamente avaliados através de entrevistas diagnósticas estruturadas. Informações sobre as complicações ocorridas durante os períodos pré, peri e pós-natal imediato (CPPs), assim como sobre potencias confundidores, foram obtidas através de entrevistas realizadas diretamente com as mães biológicas. RESULTADOS:A análise de regressão logística condicional mostrou que para as crianças e adolescentes cujas mães apresentaram maior número de CPPs, o risco de TDAH-D foi significativamente mais elevado (p = 0.005; OR = 1.25; IC 95%: 1.1-1.5). CONCLUSÕES: Em um estudo de caso-controle, foi possível expandir, para o TDAH predominantemente desatento, os achados prévios que sugeriam a associação entre complicações perinatais e TDAH sem um subtipo específico. Em virtude da possibilidade de prevenção de algumas dessas complicações, nossos resultados podem exercer impacto sobre políticas públicas de saúde.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology , Obstetric Labor Complications , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Case-Control Studies , Pregnancy Outcome , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between estimated Mental Retardation (MR) and school dropout in a sample of students of the third and fourth grades at state schools in Porto Alegre, the capital of the southernmost state of Brazil. METHOD: In this case - control study, students that dropped out from schools (n=44) and a control group who continued attending schools (n=44) had their intelligence quotient (IQ) determined by the vocabulary and cubes subtests of the Wescheler Intelligence Scale ¾ third edition (WISC¾III). Students with IQ lower than 70 were considered as potential cases of MR. Other prevalent mental disorders in this age range were assessed in both groups using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School¾ Age Children, Epidemiological Version (K-SADS-E). RESULTS: The prevalence of potential MR was significantly higher in the dropped out group than in the control group (p<0.001). Odds ratio for school dropout was significantly higher in the presence of MR even after controlling for potentially confounding factors (age, conduct disorder, grade repetition, family structure and income) (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Children with IQ lower than 70 (potential MR) were at higher risk for school dropout. These children need to be identified at school and specific educational strategies should be implemented to assure their inclusion in the learning process
ABSTRACT
A presente revisão busca avaliar criticamente: a) a situação da pesquisa em psiquiatria da infância e da adolescência nos EUA e no Brasil; b) as razões do desinteresse do psiquiatra de crianças e adolescentes em pesquisas e, mais ainda, nos resultados de pesquisa; c) as áreas de pesquisa em Psiquiatria da Infância e da adolescência e suas dificuldades; d) questões éticas de pesquisa nesse campo.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adolescent Psychiatry , Child Psychiatry , Research , Brazil , Mental Disorders , United StatesABSTRACT
Tem-se dado crescente importância ao Transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH), visto que ele associa-se com comorbidades importantes, bem como com uma maior frequência de desfechos relevantes, tais como déficit de funcionamento acadêmico e social ao longo do ciclo de vida do indivíduo. Recentemente, inúmeras pesquisas têm demonstrado que o transtorno ultrapassa os limites da infância, sendo prevalente em adolescente e mesmo em adultos. Esta é uma revisão atual e crítica dos principais aspectos do histórico, epidemiologia, etiologia, quadro clínico, comorbidades, diagnóstico, evolução e tratamento do transtorno
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityABSTRACT
Objective: To explore DSM-IV number of symptoms criterion for the diagnoses of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in a non-referred sample of young Brazilian adolescents. Methods: 170 students aged 12 to 14 year-old were evaluated using DSM-IV ADHD criteria, measures of ADHD symptoms, global and school impairment. Results: ADHD adolescents (n=30) had significantly higher scores on Attention Problems scale of Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and higher rates of school repetition than both non-ADHD adolescents (n=128) and adolescents who had a subthreshold number of inattentive or hyperactive/impulse symptoms (5 symptoms), but fulfilled all other DSM-IV ADHD criteria (n=12). The two last groups did not differe significantly in any measure assessed. Conclusion: These preliminary results support the appropriateness of DSM-IV number of symptoms criterion for the diagnoses of ADHD in young adolescents.