Spectrum of complications of severe DKA in children in pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objectives: To describe the spectrum of complications of Diabetic Ketoacidosis [DKA] observed in children admitted with severe DKA

Methods: Retrospective review of the medical records of all children admitted with the diagnosis of severe DKA in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit [PICU] of the Aga Khan University Hospital, from January 2010 to December 2015 was done. Data was collected on a structured proforma and descriptive statistics were applied

Results: Total 37 children were admitted with complicated DKA [1.9% of total PICU admission with 1.8% in 2010 and 3.4% in 2015]. Mean age of study population was 8.1 +/- 4.6 years and 70% were females [26/37]. Mean Prism III score was 9.4 +/- 6, mean GCS on presentation was 11 +/- 3.8 and mean lowest pH was 7.00 +/- 0.15. Complications observed included hyperchloremia [35.94%], hypokalemia [30.81%], hyponatremia [26.70%], cerebral edema [16.43%], shock [13.35%], acute kidney injury [10.27%], arrhythmias [3.8%], and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [5.4%], while one patient had myocarditis and ARDS each. 13/37 children [35%] needed inotropic support, 11/37 [30%] required mechanical ventilation while only one patient required renal replacement therapy. Two patients [5.4%] died during their PICU stay

Conclusion: Hyperchloremia and other electrolyte abnormalities, cerebral edema and AKI are the most common complications of severe DKA

Asthma in children management issues for family doctors

Asthma is still one of the leading causes of morbidity in children. Despite the improved understanding in the disease pathogenesis and availability of the different classes of drugs, the incidence of emergency visits due to acute exacerbations and admission rates due to frequent and uncontrolled disease is fairly high. Management of bronchial asthma in children is quite different to that of adults. Although there are universal guidelines available for the management of childhood asthma, there is still confusion especially among the family physicians who are largely involved in the management of the children, both in acute exacerbations as well as in long term prevention. This article aims to simplify all the management issues for family physicians in concurrence with the available asthma management guidelines