Traumatic duodenal injuries, surgical management

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to share our surgical experience of duodenal injuries management and to evaluate outcome of different surgical procedures

Study Design: case series

Place and Duration of Study: Surgical emergency Allied hospital Faisalabad from 01 June 2012 to 31 may 2014

Methods: All patients with traumatic duodenal injuries were included. Data included patient's profile, date of admission, mechanism of injury, grade of duodenal injury, type of procedure, and outcome

Results: Total number of cases in period under study was 29. There were 26 [89.7%] male and 3 [10.3%] female and mean age of 27.8 years. 62% cases were due to blunt abdominal trauma commonly road traffic accident and 38% penetrating injuries predominantly firearm injuries. Second part of duodenum was found to be the most commonly injured site in 55.17% case and grade II injuries accounted for 65.52% of total injuries. The most common operative procedure performed was Primary repair. Postoperatively 10.34% cases developed duodenal fistula, and the overall morbidity was found to be 34.48% and mortality 31%

Conclusion: It is concluded that blunt trauma abdomen is common cause of duodenal injury in our setup. Most injuries can be managed by primary repair. Early diagnosis and surgical intervention is most important factor for good results

Relation of breast cancer with parity and breastfeeding

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of breast cancer with parity and breastfeeding in local settings since no such studies have been carried out previously. The results of such study can provide data for comparison from other parts of country and international research

Study Design: Observational study

Place and Duration: Department of Surgery Allied Hospital Faisalabad between October 2013 and October 2014

Methods: A sample of 500 breast cancer patients diagnosed clinically and histopathologically was included in the study after informed consent. Patients were interviewed using a questionnaire. We observed the variables of age, parity, menstrual history and months of breastfeeding for each child. Analysis was done using SPSS version 12. 0

Results: In present study, 500 patients of breast cancer were included with age ranging from 28 years to 80 years. Most common age group was 40 to 50 years. 91.8% females with breast cancer were multiparous and all 91.8% females gave history of breastfeeding their children. 48% of the females breastfed for more than 5 years, 40% of them for 1to5 years and 3.8% of them for less than 1 year. Only 8.2% females who were either unmarried or had no issues did not breastfeed at all

Conclusion: In our local settings, multiparity and breastfeeding do not alter the risk of breast cancer and thus other risk factors must be studied

Risk factors of urinary bladder cancer in Peshawar region of Khyber Pukhtoonkhawa

Urinary Bladder cancer is a fatal disease. No work about its risk factors has been conducted in northern Pakistan. This case control study was conducted in order to investigate the risk factors of the urinary bladder cancer in that area. For this study 150 subjects including 50 cases and 100 controls were interviewed from the 2 tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar and the information was collected about the characteristics like gender, age, smoking habits, family history of cancer, etc. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to explain the risk factors of the disease. Odds ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals were computed by using logistic regression model. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for chemical exposure are 4.637 and [1.022-21.053], for cigarette smoking 19.526 and [4.688-81.329], for lifestyle 0.171 and [0.031-0.943], for fluid consumption 0.025 and [0.005-0.115], for fried items 5.934 and [1.429-24.648], and for fruits are 0.173 [0.045-0.660], respectively. Chemical exposure, cigarette smoking, and high use of fried items increase the risk of urinary bladder cancer. Moderate lifestyle, high fluid consumption and use of fruits are protective against the disease

statistical study of associated risk factors for diabetes in Karachi - Pakistan

The associated risk factors on diabetes in the city of Karachi were studied in a hospital based study both with descriptive and analytic components. Sample of 200 persons aged 20 years and above [92 males, 108 females] entering the diabetic center as outdoor patients during the months May 2006 - July 2006 from Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Complex Hospital [JPMCH] Karachi, Pakistan was taken. The diagnosis of diabetes was made according to W.H.O. criteria. The necessary clinical tests and demographics information's of the study population were taken. Logistic Regression technique was applied to check the main significant risk factors and for the prediction of model. In sample of 200, percentage of male was 46% while percentage of female was 54% and 102 [51%] were diabetic while 98 [49%] were non diabetic. In this study it was observed that obesity is the main associated risk factor of diabetes [O.R=6.436, P=0.000] while the factor, Exercise [O.R= 0316, P=0.000] showed the protection against this disease

Pharmacokinetic modelling of microencapsulated metronidazole / 药学学报

The aim of present study is to develop a pharmacokinetic model for microencapsulated metronidazole to predict drug absorption pattern in healthy human and validate this model internally. Metronidazole was microencapsulated into ethylcellulose shells followed by the conversion of these microcapsules into tablets. Dissolution study of tablets was conducted in 450 mL double distilled water, 0.1 mol L(-1) HCl and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) maintained at (37+/-0.5) degrees C using USP apparatus II at 50, 100 and 150 r min(-1). Three metronidazole tablets (T1: fast release, T2: moderate release, T3: slow release and reference) were administered to twenty four healthy human volunteers and serial blood samples were collected for 12 hours followed by their analysis using RP-HPLC. Drug release data were analyzed by various model dependent and independent approaches. Drug absorbed (%) was determined by Wagner-Nelson method from plasma concentration profile. Internal predictability was checked from Cmax and AUC. Optimum dissolution profile was observed in double distilled water and 50 r min(-1). A good level A correlation was observed between drug dissolution and absorption profiles (correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.9009, 0.9426, 0.9015 and 0.932 for T1, T2, T3 and reference, respectively). Internal predictability was found less than 10%. Good correlation coefficients and low prediction errors elaborate the validity of this mathematical in-vitro in-vivo correlation model as a predictive tool for the determination of pharmacokinetics from dissolution data.