Antimicrobial susceptability pattern of commonly isolated gram-negative pathogens from some hospitals in Yangoon

In Yangon hospital-acquired infections with multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria is becoming incerasingly prevalent.In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 575 isolated from various clinical specimens including pus , wound swabs, sputum and blood of the patients attending Yangon General Hospital and some other hospitals from January to December, 2000 were studied. Among them, 270 isolates were Pseudomonas spp, whereas 208 and 97 isolates were identified as members of the Enterolates were identified as members of the Enterobacteriaceae family (Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp, Klebsiella spp and other coliforms) and Acinetobacter spp respectively. It was found that 35.2

of Pseudomonas spp 37.1

of enterobacteria and 57.7

of Acinetobacter spp were multiresistant (to four or more antimicrobial agents). Antimicrobial agents that were used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing were Amikacin, Cefuroxime, Cetriaxone, Ceftazidime, Ciprofloxacin, Sparfloxacin and Gentamycin. This study showed that Pseudomonas, enterobacteria and Acinetobacter have become resistant to most frontline antimicrobials such as third generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and quinolones this presents an alarming situatiion in hospitals that need to be controlled in time by amultidisciplinary approach before further sperad and emergence of other multiresistant bacteria occur.

Hepatitis B makers in a study group with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Myanmar, 1989

During 1989, 200 sera, Positive for Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody by both Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ElISA) and Western Blot Immunoassay were selected randomly to be tested for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) markers. 75

of the sera belonged to intravenous drug abusers with the remaining from hospitalized patients, blood donors and persons attending the Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Clinics. HBsAg was positive in 12.5

, HBeAg in 3

, anti-HBs in 34.5

and anti-HBc in 86

of the test group. Since the epidemiology of HIV and HBV infections are similar regarding the modes of transmission (parenteral, perinatal and sexual), the risk groups affected and the occurrence of chronic asymptomatic infection creating a reservoir for further spread, HIV infected persons can be assumed to have a high infection rate for HBV. In our study, the infection rate for HBV was very high being 92

.

Preliminary study of two major transfusion associated viral infections (Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hepatitis B virus) during routine donor screening

A total of 5973 blood donor specimens were tested for both HBsAg and HIV antibody, simultaneously. 2.18 per cent was initially reactive to ELISA, 0.67 per cent was repeatedly ELISA positive, 0.2 per cent was indeterminate and 0.39 per cent was confirmed for HIV antibody by IMMUMOBLOT ASSAY. The prevalence of HBsAg among blood donors was found to be 10.56 per cent with 11.1 per cent for male dornors and 5.06 per cent for female donors.

Incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in drug abusers

A total of 1035 drug abusers were screened for HIV-antibodies. 19 per cent are positive for anti-HIV in drug addict using drugs by various routes including intravenous routes. Where as 51.3 per cent of intravenous drug abusers were positive. Even among IVDA, hospitalized cases are 70 per cent positive against 40.9 per cent in non-hospitalized cases.