ABSTRACT
Aim of the Study: Both matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is involved in degradation of extracellular matrix and found to stimulate invasion and metastasis in cancer patients. However, studies on the stage-specific expression of MMPs at different stages of larynx carcinoma are still lacking. In the present study, we compare the expression level of MMP-2 and MMP-9 at different stages of laryngeal carcinoma. Material and Methods: Tumor tissues samples were taken from larynx cancer patients by deep biopsy during direct laryngoscopy. Gene expression for MMP-2 and MMP-9 was analyzed using RT-PCR. Results: Significantly high expression of MMP-2 was observed compared to the MMP-9 at stage IV compared to the less advanced stages of the disease. Conclusion: Present study concluded that the MMP-2 expressed with a greater magnitude as compared to the MMP-9 in advance stages of laryngeal carcinoma
ABSTRACT
AIM: To study the levels of serum ferritin in patients of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Serum ferritin levels were measured preoperatively in 32 patients with radiological evidence of RCC using an enzyme immunoassay. The largest diameter of the primary tumor was measured in the pathological specimens in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy while in patients with non-operable tumor maximum tumor dimension was taken from CT scan. Pathological staging was done according TNM-1997. RESULTS: Mean serum ferritin value in patients of RCC was 283.23+/-77.38 ng/ml while in controls the mean value was 79.98+/-32.96 ng/ml (P CONCLUSIONS: Serum ferritin levels are elevated in patients with RCC although its actual source is unclear. Further studies are needed to establish the role of ferritin in RCC.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Carcinoma, Renal Cell/blood , Female , Ferritins/analysis , Humans , Kidney Neoplasms/blood , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Staging , Nephrectomy/methods , Predictive Value of Tests , Preoperative Care/methods , Probability , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Risk Assessment , Sensitivity and Specificity , Statistics, Nonparametric , Survival Analysis , Treatment Outcome , Tumor Burden , Biomarkers, Tumor/analysisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Anaerobic conditions are frequently encountered by pathogens invading the gastrointestinal tract due to low/limiting oxygen conditions prevalent in the small intestine. This anaerobic stress has been suggested to enhance the virulence of gut pathogens. In the present study, we examined the effect of anaerobiosis on the virulence of Salmonella Typhi, a Gram negative bacteria which invades through the gut mucosa and is responsible for typhoid fever. METHODS: Salmonella Typhi (ty2) was cultured in aerobic and anaerobic conditions to compare its virulence by rabbit ileal loop assay, hydrophobicity assay, expression of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and antioxidant enzymes assay. RESULTS: Anaerobically grown S. Typhi showed significantly higher cell surface hydrophobicity as compared to aerobic bacteria. In vivo toxin production by rabbit ileal loop assay also showed significantly higher fluid accumulation with anaerobic S. Typhi. Expression of OMPs in anaerobic S. Typhi showed a distinct induction of five outer membrane proteins. We observed that exposure of anaerobic S. Typhi to aerobic conditions induced significantly higher level of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that exposure of S. Typhi to anaerobic conditions enhances its virulence.