ABSTRACT
This study examined the effects of calcium (Ca) gluconate on collagen-induced DBA mouse rheumatoid arthritis (CIA). A single daily dose of 200, 100 or 50 mg/kg Ca gluconate was administered orally to male DBA/1J mice for 40 days after initial collagen immunization. To ascertain the effects administering the collagen booster, CIA-related features (including body weight, poly-arthritis, knee and paw thickness, and paw weight increase) were measured from histopathological changes in the spleen, left popliteal lymph node, third digit and the knee joint regions. CIA-related bone and cartilage damage improved significantly in the Ca gluconate- administered CIA mice. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in the paw were reduced in Ca gluconate-treated CIA mice compared to CIA control groups. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of oxidative stress, decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the Ca gluconate group. Finally, the production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha, involved in rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis, were suppressed by treatment with Ca gluconate. Taken together, these results suggest that Ca gluconate is a promising candidate anti-rheumatoid arthritis agent, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and immunomodulatory effects in CIA mice.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Arthritis , Arthritis, Rheumatoid , Body Weight , Calcium Gluconate , Calcium , Cartilage , Collagen , Immunization , Immunomodulation , Interleukin-6 , Knee , Knee Joint , Lymph Nodes , Malondialdehyde , Mice, Inbred DBA , Oxidative Stress , Peroxidase , Spleen , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , WaterABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We analyzed how clinical nurses in Korea perceive terminally ill patients' medical decision-making. METHODS: The Q-methodology which analyzes the subjectivity of each item was used. We selected 34 Q-statements among those provided by each of 37 subjects and grouped them into a shape of normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data were analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Four types of perception toward medical decision-making were identified. Type I focuses on patient participation, and Type II emphasizes the role of health professionals. Type III is characterized by an open-minded culture toward death, and Type IV values the role of family members. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate the need for development of a multi-disciplinary curriculum medical decision-making and death for medical and nursing students.
Subject(s)
Humans , Curriculum , Decision Making , Health Occupations , Korea , Patient Participation , Students, Nursing , Terminally IllABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze attitude toward dignified dying of Korean students majoring in human service area. METHODS: The Q-methodology which provides a method of analyzing the subjectivity of each item was used. The 34 selected Q-statements from each of 38 subjects were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a 9 point scale. The collected data was analyzed using a QUANL PC program. RESULTS: Four types of attitude toward dignified dying from the subjects were identified. Type I is an expression type for happy emotion, Type II is a dislike type for life prolongation, Type III is a pursuit type for relationship improvement, and Type IV is a perception type for family presence. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that integrating multi-disciplinary curriculum development related to dignified dying and death education for students majoring in human service area are needed.