ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: Both sleep and suicide are important issues among adolescents. Despite the extensive literature explaining short sleep duration as an important suicide risk factor, most previous studies did not consider sleep quality. Objective: This study identified associations between sleep duration, sleep satisfaction, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed 58 848 adolescents using raw data from the tenth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey conducted by Korea's Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Analyses incorporated sampling weights to account for the complex sampling design. Results: In multivariate analysis, suicidal ideation of participants sleeping less than four hours was 1.36 times higher than that of participants sleeping more than nine hours. Sleep satisfaction was 1.20 times higher when moderate, 1.38 times higher when dissatisfied, and 1.64 times higher when very dissatisfied than when very satisfied. Discussion and conclusion: It is necessary not only to improve sleep quality, but also to extend sleep duration in order to prevent adolescent suicide. If it is actually difficult to extend sleep duration due to school, a plan to increase subjective sleep satisfaction by improving sleep quality is required. This study showed the association between sleep duration and sleep satisfaction in adolescents. Therefore, in order to prevent adolescent suicide, it is necessary not only to extend their sleep duration, but also to improve their sleep quality.
RESUMEN Antecedentes: Tanto el sueño como el suicidio son temas importantes que afectan a los adolescentes. Pese a la abundante literatura que describe una corta duración del sueño como un importante factor de riesgo de suicidio, muchas investigaciones anteriores no han considerado la calidad del sueño. Objetivo: Este estudio identificó algunas asociaciones entre la duración del sueño, la satisfacción del sueño y la ideación suicida en adolescentes. Método: Este estudio transversal analizó los casos de 58 848 adolescentes a partir de los datos brutos de la décima encuesta basada en la Página Web de Comportamiento Riesgoso de la Juventud Coreana realizada por el Centro Coreano para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades. Los análisis incluyeron pesos de muestreo para dar cuenta del complejo diseño de muestreo. Resultados: En el análisis multivariado, la ideación suicida de los participantes que dormían menos de cuatro horas fue 1.36 veces mayor que la de los participantes que dormían durante más de nueve horas. La satisfacción del sueño era 1.20 veces mayor en los casos moderados, 1.38 veces mayor en los insatisfechos y 1.64 veces mayor en los casos muy insatisfechos que en los muy satisfechos. Discusión y conclusión: Es necesario mejorar la calidad del sueño y alargar también su duración con el fin de prevenir el suicidio adolescente. Si es difícil extender la duración del sueño debido a los horarios escolares, se debe aplicar un plan para aumentar la satisfacción subjetiva del sueño mediante la mejora de la calidad del sueño. Este estudio demostró la asociación entre la duración y la satisfacción del sueño en los adolescentes. Por lo tanto, con el fin de prevenir el suicidio adolescente, es necesario alargar no sólo la duración del sueño, sino mejorar también su calidad.
ABSTRACT
To gain better insight into how soybean roots respond to waterlogging stress, we carried out proteomic profi ling combined with physiological analysis at two time points for soybean seedlings in their early vegetative stage. Seedlings at the V2 stage were subjected to 3 and 7 days of waterlogging treatments. Waterlogging stress resulted in a gradual increase of lipid peroxidation and in vivo H2O2 level in roots. Total proteins were extracted from root samples and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). A total of 24 reproducibly resolved, differentially expressed protein spots visualized by Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining were identifi ed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-fl ight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry or electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) analysis. Of these, 14 proteins were upregulated; 5 proteins were decreased; and 5 were newly induced in waterlogged roots. The identifi ed proteins include well-known classical anaerobically induced proteins as well as novel waterlogging-responsive proteins that were not known previously as being waterlogging responsive. The novel proteins are involved in several processes, i.e. signal transduction, programmed cell death, RNA processing, redox homeostasis and metabolisms of energy. An increase in abundance of several typical anaerobically induced proteins, such as glycolysis and fermentation pathway enzymes, suggests that plants meet energy requirement via the fermentation pathway due to lack of oxygen. Additionally, the impact of waterlogging on the several programmed cell death- and signal transduction-related proteins suggest that they have a role to play during stress. RNA gel blot analysis for three programmed cell death-related genes also revealed a differential mRNA level but did not correlate well with the protein level. These results demonstrate that the soybean plant can cope with waterlogging through the management of carbohydrate consumption and by regulating programmed cell death. The identifi cation of novel proteins such as a translation initiation factor, apyrase, auxin-amidohydrolase and coproporphyrinogen oxidase in response to waterlogging stress may provide new insight into the molecular basis of the waterlogging-stress response of soybean.