ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different extracts of Diospyros lotus leaves in atopic dermatitis Methods: Diospyros lotus leaves were extracted in ethanol and treated with or without hydrochloric acid or α-rhamnosidase to obtain three different extracts-ethanol, acid-hydrolyzed, and enzyme-hydrolyzed leaf extracts of date plum. The myricitrin content in all samples was measured using HPLC analysis. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were determined by measuring DPPH radical scavenging activities and nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Seven-week-old male hairless mice were used to evaluate the anti-atopic dermatitis effects of three extracts in vivo. Splenocytes and mast cells were used to further determine the anti-atopic dermatitis effects of the major compound in the ethanol leaf extract. Results: Enzyme-hydrolyzed leaf extract showed significant in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and attenuated atopic dermatitis-like skin symptoms and clinical signs more significantly than ethanol and acid-hydrolyzed leaf extracts in 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and house dust mite antigen-treated hairless mice. Enzyme-hydrolyzed leaf extract also suppressed the serum level of immunoglobulin E, interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine in mice with atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that enzyme-hydrolyzed leaf extract suppressed the increased epidermal thickness, dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells, and infiltration and degranulation of mast cells more markedly than the other two extracts in atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. In addition, this extract effectively inhibited the production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine compared with the other two extracts in concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes. Myricitrin, a major compound of enzyme-hydrolyzed leaf extract, suppressed atopic dermatitis biomarkers in stimulated mouse splenocytes and HMC-1 human mast cells.Conclusions: These results suggest that enzyme-hydrolyzed leaf extract might be a potential candidate to treat atopic dermatitis.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: Both sleep and suicide are important issues among adolescents. Despite the extensive literature explaining short sleep duration as an important suicide risk factor, most previous studies did not consider sleep quality. Objective: This study identified associations between sleep duration, sleep satisfaction, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Method: This cross-sectional study analyzed 58 848 adolescents using raw data from the tenth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey conducted by Korea's Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Analyses incorporated sampling weights to account for the complex sampling design. Results: In multivariate analysis, suicidal ideation of participants sleeping less than four hours was 1.36 times higher than that of participants sleeping more than nine hours. Sleep satisfaction was 1.20 times higher when moderate, 1.38 times higher when dissatisfied, and 1.64 times higher when very dissatisfied than when very satisfied. Discussion and conclusion: It is necessary not only to improve sleep quality, but also to extend sleep duration in order to prevent adolescent suicide. If it is actually difficult to extend sleep duration due to school, a plan to increase subjective sleep satisfaction by improving sleep quality is required. This study showed the association between sleep duration and sleep satisfaction in adolescents. Therefore, in order to prevent adolescent suicide, it is necessary not only to extend their sleep duration, but also to improve their sleep quality.
RESUMEN Antecedentes: Tanto el sueño como el suicidio son temas importantes que afectan a los adolescentes. Pese a la abundante literatura que describe una corta duración del sueño como un importante factor de riesgo de suicidio, muchas investigaciones anteriores no han considerado la calidad del sueño. Objetivo: Este estudio identificó algunas asociaciones entre la duración del sueño, la satisfacción del sueño y la ideación suicida en adolescentes. Método: Este estudio transversal analizó los casos de 58 848 adolescentes a partir de los datos brutos de la décima encuesta basada en la Página Web de Comportamiento Riesgoso de la Juventud Coreana realizada por el Centro Coreano para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades. Los análisis incluyeron pesos de muestreo para dar cuenta del complejo diseño de muestreo. Resultados: En el análisis multivariado, la ideación suicida de los participantes que dormían menos de cuatro horas fue 1.36 veces mayor que la de los participantes que dormían durante más de nueve horas. La satisfacción del sueño era 1.20 veces mayor en los casos moderados, 1.38 veces mayor en los insatisfechos y 1.64 veces mayor en los casos muy insatisfechos que en los muy satisfechos. Discusión y conclusión: Es necesario mejorar la calidad del sueño y alargar también su duración con el fin de prevenir el suicidio adolescente. Si es difícil extender la duración del sueño debido a los horarios escolares, se debe aplicar un plan para aumentar la satisfacción subjetiva del sueño mediante la mejora de la calidad del sueño. Este estudio demostró la asociación entre la duración y la satisfacción del sueño en los adolescentes. Por lo tanto, con el fin de prevenir el suicidio adolescente, es necesario alargar no sólo la duración del sueño, sino mejorar también su calidad.