ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among the antenatal clinic population at the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI). Pregnant mothers (4186) attending antenatal clinic at the UHWI were screened for HIV infection between September, 1998, and October, 2000. Tests were performed with the use of Abbott enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits for the detection of antibodies to HIV 1 and 2. Demographic characteristics and risk factor assessments were performed using a questionnaire for all positive cases and four randomly selected negative controls matched by age to each positive case. Twenty-one women were found to be HIV positive. Nineteen of these women were not previously aware that they were HIV-positive. The seroprevalence of HIV infection among antenatal mothers was 0.5. The mean age of cases was 29.3 +/- 4.6 years. There was no significant difference between cases and controls with regards to parity, socio-economic status and educational achievement. Women residing in urban Kingston and St Andrew (Odds ratio (OR) 5, 95 confidence interval (CI) 1.4, 18), as well as those with a higher number of lifetime sexual partners (OR 1.42, 95 CI 1.13, 1.79) and those with previous sexually transmitted diseases (OR 3.4, 95 CI 1.1, 10.6) were at greater risk for HIV infection. In contrast, women who commenced coitus at a later age were at less risk of becoming infected (OR 0.79, 95 CI 0.6, 0.97). This study demonstrates a low seroprevalence of HIV in the UHWI antenatal population compared to the reported seroprevalence of 2-8 in pregnant women in Latin America and the Caribbean. The results from this study emphasize the continuing need for voluntary HIV testing and HIV/AIDS educational campaign for this vulnerable group.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Jamaica , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Background: The possible relationship of stress or heat-shock proteins (hsp) with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease has been intensely studied recently. In adult rheumatoid arthritis, a bacterial hsp (65 kDa hsp from Mycobacterium tuberculosis or bovis) would have a cross reactivity with a hsp of ARTICULAR cartilage. Aim: To assess the cellular immune response to the 65 kA hsp from M Bovis in children. Patients and methods: The proliferative response of peripheral mononuclear cells of 20 children with juvenile chronic polyarthritis and 20 healthy controls, against the 65 kDa hsp and other antigenic fractions from M bovis, was studied. Results: Patients with juvenile chronic polyarthritis had a intense reaction against 65 kDa fraction and a second fraction located between 32.5 and 27.5 kDa. Patients with a prolonged evolution of the disease (more than five years), reacted preferentially to an antigenic segment located between 32.5 and 27.5 kDa and those with a shorter evolution did so with an antigen of 27.5-18.5 kDa. Conclusions: These results support the hypothesis that 65 kDa hsp from M bovis is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic juvenile polyarthritis and suggest that patients with short or prolonged evolutions of the disease would react to different antigenic fractions
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Arthritis/immunology , T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Mycobacterium bovis/immunology , Arthritis/drug therapy , Aspirin/therapeutic use , Electrophoresis , Antibody Formation/immunology , Heat-Shock Proteins/immunologyABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to assess cellular immunity using the Multitest CMI and relate its results with lymphocyte counts and lymphocyte subpopulations determined using monoclonal antibodies against CD4 and CD8 and fluorescence microscopy. We studied 51 patients (31 males), 20 infected with HIV, 18 with recurring infections, 5 with cancer, 2 with tuberculosis and 6 with miscellaneous diagnoses. According to Multitest results, patients were classified as normal, hypoergic or anergic. Twenty five percent of patients were normal, 65 percent hypoergic and 10 percent anergic. Eighty percent of anergic patients were infected with HIV. No differences in total lymphocyte count were observed between the 3 groups. CD4 lymphocyte count was lower in anergic patients when compared with the other groups. All patients with CD4 counts below 200 cells/mmü were anergic. It is cincluded that Multitest CMI is useful for the assessment of cellular immunity and complements the determination of lymphocyte subpopulations
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Lymphocyte Subsets , Lymphocyte Count , Immunity, Cellular/physiology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes , HIV Infections/immunology , Immunologic Techniques/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Estudios recientes en animales de experimentación han identificado la participación de un gen, denominado BCG, en la inmunidad innata frente a la infección por mycobacterium tuberculosis. En el hombre se desconoce aún su existencia, sin mebargo, hay antecedentes que apoyan la presencia de un gen homólogo en el cromosoma 2q. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue confirmar en animales de experimentación, la presencia de este gen, y buscar una secuencia homóloga a nivel humano. Se estudiaron los DNA de 2 cepas de ratones resistentes, 2 susceptibles a la infección tuberculosa y los DNA de 10 niños sanos y 10 tuberculosos por medio de la técnica de reacción de polimerasa en cadena con oligonecleótidos específicos. Los resultados permitieron comprobar la presencia de este gen en ratones con la amplificación del segmento de DNA esperado. En el hombre se obtuvo la amplificación de un segmento de DNA, con un tamaño molecular diferente al del ratón. Estos hallazgos sugieren la existencia del gen BCG en humanos, el que presentaría diferencias importantes a nivel molecular con el descrito en animales de experimentación
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Child , Mice , Gene Amplification/immunology , Immunity, Innate , Mycobacterium bovis/immunology , Blood Specimen Collection , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
En la actualidad, se desconoce el rol del aumento de proteína C recativa (PCR) y haptoglobina (Hp) en la respuesta de fase aguda. Algunos autores han postulado la posibilidad que estas proteínas intervengan en la regulación del sistema inmune. Nuestro estudio estuvo orientado a demostrar la presencia de receptores para Hp y PCR en linfocitos procedentes de niños sanos y niños con patología infecciosa y autoinmune. Para este efecto, se obtuvieron células mononucleares de 48 niños (24 sanos, 14 con infecciones demostradas y 10 con enfermedades autoinmune), se incubaron por 72 horas a 37 grados Celsius y 5 por ciento de CO2, con estímulo de fitohemaglutinina (PHA) y con diferentes concentraciones de PCR y Hp en el medio. Se separaron las subpoblaciones CD4 y CD8 mediante anticuerpos monoclonales unidos a partículas magnéticas y se analizó la presencia de receptores a distintos tiempos (0, 24, 48 y 72 horas) mediante una técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Autoimmunity/immunology , Haptoglobins/immunology , C-Reactive Protein/immunology , Autoimmune Diseases/immunology , Bacterial Infections/immunology , Blood/immunology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Haptoglobins/analysis , Haptoglobins/biosynthesis , Phytohemagglutinins , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , C-Reactive Protein/biosynthesis , Acute-Phase Reaction/immunology , T-LymphocytesABSTRACT
Se analiza una casuística de 6 pacientes con inmunodeficiencias primarias, estudiados entre 1981 y 1994 y que cumplen con los criterios establecidos por la OMS en 1991. Se plantean las siguientes conclusiones: 1. Las inmunodeficiencias primarias específicas más frecuentes fueron las predominantemente de anticuerpos 2. Las infecciones recurrentes fueron el pilar del diagnóstico clínico. Estas fueron causadas por bacterias encapsuladas y afectaron de preferencia la piel y los sistemas respiratorio y digestivo 3. A todo paciente con score de Haeney mayor o igual a 25, independiente de su edad y especialmente si no tiene causa reconocible de inmunodeficiencia secundaria, debería evaluarse inmunológicamente 4. En las inmunodeficiencias humorales los exámenes más útiles fueron la electroforesis de proteínas séricas y la cuantificación de inmunoglobulinas, mientras que en las celulares lo fue el Multitest
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Adolescent , Adult , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/classification , Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous/diagnosis , Granulomatous Disease, Chronic/diagnosis , Hypergammaglobulinemia/diagnosis , IgA Deficiency/diagnosis , IgG Deficiency/diagnosis , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/diagnosis , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Un niño de 9 años con deficiencia selectiva de inmunoglobulina A (IgA) que fue pesquisado al realizar un estudio sobre valores normales de inmunoglobulinas séricas en niños chilenos sanos del área metropolitana de salud Occidente. Las concentraciones séricas de IgA de este paciente fueron de 0 mg/dl en muestras repetidas. No se encontraron antecedentes familiares, evidencia de enfermedad, ni alteraciones de laboratorio asociadas