Spectrum of firearm related deaths in multan city: autopsy based study

Background: Excessive use of the firearms causing severe and lethal effect to the victims and their families, delivery of health care and judicial system as well as society where they live. The easy availability of guns has increased the firearm fatalities, especially in developing countries

Objectives: To study the pattern of lethal firearm injuries, in Multan city with special reference to the regions of the body affected, seasonal variation and vulnerable age group

Study design: Retrospective study

Setting and duration: The study was carried out by examining the record of all medicolegal autopsies conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine, Nishtar Medical College Multan during calendar year 2016. Only cases of firearm related deaths were selected for detailed examination and those died of other than firearm injuries were excluded. The reports were studied in relation to Age, types of firearm used, Gender, seasonal variation and regions of the body involved

Results: During 2016, out of total 197 medicolegal autopsies, 77[39.08%] died of firearm injuries and out of those, male victim were 67[44.66%]. The most vulnerable age was 19-40 yrs [45.45%]. Male female ratio was 6.4:1, the chest being the commonest targeted area was38.96%, while during the months of July and August highest incidence of deaths due to firearm observed [15.57%]

Conclusion: The young males are the most common target and the leading cause of death was the injuries on the chest. There is need of strict implementation of law regarding possession of firearm and improvement in socioeconomic conditions of the individuals

Empirical analysis of deaths due to sharp weapons in faisalabad

Violence is a product of aggressive behavior which leads to a large number of unnatural deaths. A significant number of deaths have been reported due to attacks with sharp weapons as it is one of the most violent and disgusting methods of revenge. This study empirically evaluates the sharp weapon deaths in Faisalabad from different perspectives

Objective: To analyze the deaths by sharp weapons in Faisalabad city regarding incidence, the most vulnerable age groups, gender prevalence, manner of death and parts of body mostly involved

Study Design: Retrospective, non-interventional descriptive study having cross sectional and longitudinal data

Settings: Department of Forensic Medicine, Faisalabad Medical University/Allied Hospital

Duration of Study: 5 years from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2016

Methodology: This study covered all 96 cases of sharp weapon deaths from a total of 1,692 autopsies conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Faisalabad Medical University. Frequency distribution, descriptive analysis was performed to compute the findings

Results: Frequency of deaths from sharp weapons decreased in the study period. It was the highest in the age group 20-29 [32.29%] in Faisalabad. The ratio of male to female victims was 2:1. All deaths were homicidal in nature. Majority of the attacks were on the neck followed by the abdomen and chest respectively

Conclusion: It was concluded that deaths due to sharp weapon attack on the neck, abdomen and chest were high in the young in Faisalabad. Establishment of more trauma centers may be helpful in reducing the deaths due to sharp edged weapons

Effects of microwave oven exposed diet on spermatogenesis in testicular tissue of mice and comparative effects of mentha piperita and melatonin

Objective: To observe the effects of microwave oven exposed diet on spermatogenesis in the testis of mice and comparative effects of Mentha piperita and melatonin

Study Design: Laboratory based randomized controlled trial

Place and Duration of Study: Anatomy Department, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, in collaboration with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from Apr 2015 to May 2015

Material and Method: Study comprised of 32 adult male mice [BALBc strain] weighing 25-30 gms. Selection criteria based on non-probability [purposive] simple random sampling. Mice were divided into four equal groups of 8 mice each. Group 1, taken as control, was given standard diet 5-10 gm/animal/day daily for four weeks. Group 2 was given 5-10 gm/animal/day of microwave oven exposed mice pellets for four weeks. Group 3 received Mentha piperita leaf extract [1g/kg b.wt./day] along with microwave oven exposed mice pellets [5-10 gm/animal/day] for 4 weeks and group 4 received oral dosage of melatonin 12mg/kg/day along with microwave oven exposed mice pellets [5-10gm/animal/day] for 4 weeks. After four weeks animals were dissected. The shape, color and any abnormal finding of the testis were observed. Testis were processed, embedded and stained for histological study. Spermatogenesis was assessed by the Johnsons scoring. SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis. Chi square test was applied for intergroup comparison

Results: Spermatogenesis was suppressed and Johnsons score was decreased from normal spermatogenesis [10] to [6-8] in the experimental group 2 and was more improved in the Mentha piperita treated group as compare to the melatonin

Conclusion: Microwave oven exposed mice pellets suppressed spermatogenesis and Mentha piperita had better ameliorative effects than melatonin on the testis of mice

Effects of pomegranate juice and peel extract on steroid induced inflammation in mice kidneys

Background: Athletes use anabolic androgenic steroids in excess of normal therapeutic levels to improve their stamina and performance, and this apparently describes the increase in their toxic side effects

Objective: To determine the ameliorative effects of Pomegranate Juice and Pomegranate Peel Extract on steroid induced inflammation in mice kidneys

Methodology: Study Design: Laboratory based Randomized control study

Duration and Place of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, in cooperation with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from 1[st] May to 30[th] June 2015. Forty healthy male and female BALB/c mice with average weight of 25-30 gms were randomly distributed into four groups, each group with five male and five female mice. Group A worked as a control group and groups B, C and D worked as experimental groups. Mice in experimental groups B,C and D were given a single injection of [Nandrolone decanoate] ND intramuscularly, at the dose of 1 mg/100 gm body weight, in the hind limb once weekly for 8 weeks. Mice in experimental group C was also given pomegranate juice [PJ] at the dosage of 3ml/kg body weight via oral gavage tube daily for 8 weeks and mice in experimental group D was given pomegranate peel extract [PPE] at the dosage of 200mg/kg body weight via oral gavage tube daily for 8 weeks. The animals were sacrificed after the experimental period was over and kidney tissues were processed for sectioning and staining. The results of all the groups were compiled and compared by using SPSS 21. Comparison of qualitative variables between the groups was done by applying Chi square test

Results: Inflammatory infiltrate were significantly higher in steroid administered experimental group B and statistical improvement was seen when comparison of experimental group B was done with PJ and PPE administered experimental groups C and D, respectively [p=0.001and 0.000]. Comparison of experimental groups C and D showed no statistical significance [p=1.0]

Conclusion: It was concluded that both forms of Pomegranate has ameliorative effects on steroid induced inflammatory changes in mice kidneys

Effects of mentha piperita and melatonin on the seminiferous tubular diameter and height of the germinal epithelium in the testis of mice fed continuously with microwave oven exposed diet

Background: Microwave exposed food intake among human is on rise

Objective: To determine the comparative effects Mentha piperita and melatonin on the seminiferous tubular diameter and height of the germinal epithelium in the testis of mice fed continuously with microwave oven exposed diet

Methodology: Study Design: Randomized control trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi, in cooperation with National Institute of Health [NIH], Islamabad, from 1st April to 31 May 2016. Thirty two adult male mice [BALBc strain] weighing 25-30gms were divided into four equal groups having 8 mice each. Group G1 [control group], was given standard diet 5-10 gm/animal/day for the four weeks. 1 Group G2 received 5-10 gm/animal/day of microwave oven exposed mice pellets daily for the four weeks . Group G3 was given 2 leaf extract of Mentha piperita [1g/kg b.wt./day] along with microwave oven exposed mice pellets [5-10 gm /animal /day] for 4 3 weeks and the Group 4 was given melatonin 12 mg /kg/day orally along with microwave oven exposed mice pellets [5-10 gm /animal /day] for 4 weeks. After the experimental period was over, the animals were sacrificed. General features of the testis were noticed. Testis were processed embedded and stained for histological study. SPSS 21 was used for data analysis. ANOVAtest was applied for intergroup comparison of quantitative variables

Results: In the experimental group G2, seminiferous tubular diameter and height of the germinal epithelium was decreased with significant p value of 0.05 and in the group G3 and G4, both parameters were improved close to the control group and in comparison of p values of G2 v G3 and G2 v G4

Conclusion: Microwave oven exposed diet decreases the seminiferous tubular diameter and height of the germinal epithelium and Mentha piperita has more potent ameliorative effects than melatonin

Management of iatrogenic ureteral injuries analysis report at urology department, Nishtar hospital Multan

To review the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic ureteral injuries. The study was carried out at Department of Urology, Nishtar Hospital, Multan from December 2007 to December 2010. A total of 24 adult patients were included in the study. All patients were evaluated in terms of clinical presentation, physical examination and investigations. Different techniques including open repair and endoscopic maneuvers were performed as treatment modalities for ureteric injuries. Out of 24 patients, 13 patients were female and 11 patients were males. Age of patients ranged from 20 years to 60 years. Out of 13 female patients, eleven developed lower ureteral injuries secondary to obstetrics and gynaecological procedures. Remaining two female patients had ureteral injuries following ureteroscopy for lower ureteral stones. Eleven female patients had different symptoms including partial or total incontinence of urine, flank pain, symptoms of UTI, high grade fever, sepsis, anuria and urinary leakage. Patients who underwent URS or URS in situ lithotripsy had lower ureteral stones. Most of them had lumbar pain, symptoms of UTI, frequency, urgency and difficulty in micturation. Two patients had retention of urine for which they were catheterized. One had broken segment of DJ stent. Different techniques were employed, ureter re-implantation for distal ureteral injuries was performed in ten patients. For minor lacerations and suspected urinary leakage following URS for stone disintegration at lower ureter, ureteric catheter or DJ stent was placed. latrogenic uretral injuries are rare following gynaecological, obstetrical and endourological procedures but are liable to occur due to inherent anatomic factors. Prompt diagnosis and institution of appropriate corrective surgical procedures often result satisfactory outcome

Frequency of benign and malignant diseases of the breast lump in females

To determine the relative frequency of Benign and Malignant pathology of breast lump in female patients. Experimental Study. This study was conducted at Margalla Teaching Hospital Rawalpindi and United Medical Center Rawalpindi for the period of 01 year stated form March 2008 to March 2009. In this study, 100 Female patients, presented with breast lump. History of the patients, clinical finding of breast lump and Axillary lymph nodes and the results of FNAC or excisional biopsy were recorded in the prepared Performa. out of 100 female patients, 88 [88%] patients were found with the benign breast disease in 12 patients we found malignancy. In benign breast diseases fibroadenoma was the most common found in 38 patients followed by the fibrocystic disease, found in 26 patients remaining benign breast diseases were breast abscess and duct ectasia. Among the malignancy, Ductal cell carcinoma and lobular carcinoma were found in 8 [8%] and 4[4%] patients respectively. High incidence of carcinoma of breast is noted after 30 years and it is increased subsequently therefore a surgeon managing the breast lump after 30 years should be very careful and suspicious regarding the malignant breast lump. Early diagnosis and management of the carcinoma of the breast has the key role in terms of increased survival rate of the patients

Chronic anal fissure; chemical syphincterotomy [non surgical management]

To determine the role of chemical syphincterotomy as non surgical management of chronic anal fissure. Study Descriptive. This study was conducted at Margalla teaching Hospital and United Medical center .Rawalpndi. 1.5 years. This study included 70 patients of either sex. A personal bio data and detailed history of dietary and bowel habits were registered. Topical 0.2% GTN [Gylciryltrinitrate] was applied to anal verge 2 times per day for the period of two months and its effects were noted. 58 patients [83%] got symptomatic relief and 12 patients [17%] did not get improvement. Chemical syphincterotomy heals majority of the fissure. Topical 0.2% GNT ointment is widely used as a first line treatment in U.K. It is generally accepted as an effective treatment for chronic fissure

Spectrum of benign breast diseases in females presenting with breast lump

To find out the frequency of benign breast diseases in female patients. This study included. 70 female patients presenting with breast lump. These patients were clinically evaluated with special focus breast lump and axilla to exclude the malignancy. These patients with the obvious clinical feature of malignancy or diagnosed of case of malignant pathology were excluded from the study. In these patients FNAC [Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology] were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Excisional Biopsy was done in non-conclusive FNAC. History of the patients, finding of breast lump, result of FNAC or excisional biopsy were registered in prepared Performa. In this study we found Fibroadinoma in 29 [41%] patients followed by Fibrocystic Disease in 20 [29%] patients. Breast abscess was found in 8 [11%]. The other benign breast diseases were Duct Papiloma, Cyst, Granulomatous Mastitis in 7 [10%], 5 [7%] and 1 [1%] patients respectively. Among the benign breast diseases Fibroadinoma is the most common disease and Fibrocystic Disease is the next common disease. Other benign breast diseases were also breast abscess Cyst, Duct Papiloma and Granulomatous Disease