Experience of cervical Pap smear screening in tertiary care hospital

Background: Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death in women in developing countries like India. It is preventable by regular screening by Pap smear and can be detected at pre-invasive stage. Thus, reducing the morbidity and mortality related with cervical cancers. Objective: This study aims at detecting the prevalence and current trends of various epithelial cell abnormalities (ECAs) in females attending a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital between July 2015 and May 2019. A total of 15,270 cases comprising 11,494 conventional and 3776 liquid-based cytology Pap smears were included in the study. Clinical data and history of the patients were retrieved. All cases were reported according to Bethesda system 2014. Results: Among 15,270 cases, 793 Pap smears were unsatisfactory, 14,153 Pap smears were negative for intraepithelial lesion/malignancy, and 325 cases had ECA. Conclusion: Large hospital-based studies are required for proper implementation of health services and for the selection of a feasible as well as sensitive screening test for early detection of cervical dysplasias which can be helpful in decreasing the burden of cervical cancer in our community.

A comparative Study between Blood Smear, Whole Blood PCR and FTA Card PCR for Diagnosis of Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis in Cattle

Bovine theileriosis, a tick borne haemoprotozoan disease, caused by, Theileria annulata and Theileria orientalis and responsible for heavy economical losses in dairy industry. Diagnosis of theileriosis is mainly based on clinical signs and conventional techniques. Polymerase chain reaction using whole blood is a modern method of diagnosis of theileriosis as it can detect infection even in low parasitemia but only concern is that its very time consuming and chances of loss of DNA is more. Hence, to overcome this, the present study reports the diagnosis of T. annulata and T. orientalis by comparing Whole blood PCR and FTA card PCR whereas a comparison between blood smear examination, whole blood PCR and FTA card PCR was done to determine the sensitivity of the techniques. The study was conducted on 50 blood samples of cattle having typical clinical signs and blood smear after staining with Giemsa’s stain were examined for presence of Theileria spp. in R.B.C. The primer sequences were used as per Kolte et al and Kakati et al. The assay employs primers specific for the gene encoding the 30-kDa major merozoite surface antigen of T. annulata and Major merozoite surface protein gene of T. orientalis. Out of total 50 blood samples, 16 were positive for Theileria sp. by blood smear examination, 19 were positive for T. annulata by Whole blood PCR and FTA card PCR whereas for T. orientalis, 26 were positive by whole blood and 27 samples by FTA card PCR. So the diagnosis of theileriosis by using FTA card PCR is found to be sensitive and less time consuming method as compared to Whole blood PCR.

Evaluation of herbal coccidiostat 'Coxynil' in broiler.

Anticoccidial efficacy of "Coxynil" a polyherbal preparation was tested against Eimeria tenella in broilers. Body weight of birds challenged with E. tenella in Coxynil treated groups was higher as compared to Coxynil untreated. Oocyst out put, lesion score, HI titres against New Castle disease virus were significantly higher in Coxynil supplemented groups in comparison to Coxynil un-supplemented groups. Examination of ceaca of the birds, revealed that the Coxynil interfered with life cycle of coccidia. The typical second generation schizonts were absent in ceacal section of Coxynil treated groups. The results indicate that Coxynil is effective herbal coccidiostat.

Anterior urethral valves--a rare cause of urethral obstruction.

Anterior urethral valves is a very rare congenital anomaly of the anterior urethra. It produces symptoms of varied intensity with the most severe ones leading to Urosepsis and renal failure (similar to as in posterior urethral valves) to the milder ones which may not produce any obstruction at all. However unlike the Posterior urethral valves this anomaly has milder and reversible sequelae in majority of the cases. The clinical presentation is mainly in the form of obstructed stream of urine and UTI and the diagnosis depends essentially on Micturating Cystographic studies and on the awareness and a high level of suspicion of its existence among Paediatricians and General Practitioners.