ABSTRACT
Os extratos totais, assim como os compostos fenólicos isolados de diferentes partes de Anacardium occidentale conhecido popularmente no Brasil como cajueiro mostraram atividades antiúlcera e antibacteríana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a verificação destas atividades nas folhas após estudo farmacobotânico, químico e toxicológico. Para a analise anatômica foram utilizados cortes do terço mediano inferior da lâmina foliar. Nesta, as epidermes em vista frontal apresentam cutrcula estriada, na face abaxial, a epiderme é constituída de células de formato poligonal, com paredes bem justapostas. Na face adaxial, as células são de paredes espessas, ligeiramente onduladas. A mesma é constituída de estômatos de tipo anomocítico e de tricomas glandulares de forma ovóide. O mesófilo é constituído de duas camadas de parênquima paliçádico, espessas, de forma quase regular e de parênquima lacunoso com células de forma irregular, envolvendo os feixes vasculares de nervuras secundarias. Extensões de fibras são observadas no mesófilo. A nervura mediana possui um colênquima desenvolvido e ductos são encontrados no floema assim como no parênquima medular. Drusas são encontradas no parênquima lacunoso assim como no parênquima fundamental e no colênquima. A partir da triagem fitoquímica, da cromatografia em camada delgada, cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência e cromatografia liquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa, verificou-se a presença nas folhas de cajueiro de compostos polifenólicos, particularmente de heterosfdeos flavonóidicos. As estruturas de flavon6ide que parecem ser mais evidentes, de acordo com a cromatografia liquida acoplada a massa, são principalmente os heterosídeos da quercetina...
Crude extracts as well as phenolics isolated from the bark or the fruit of Anacardium occidentale popularly known as cajueiro in Brazil, showed antiulcer and antibacterial effects. The aim of this work was to verify those effects in the leaf, botanical, chemical and toxicological studies. Ultrastructure of the leaf was carried on. Cross-sections from the third inferior part of the leaf blade were used. Cashew leaf contains uniseriate epidermis with a sub-eperdimic layer, anomocytic stomata and glandular ovoid trichomes on the inferior surface. The mesophyll exhibits two cell layers of palisadic parenchyma and a lacunose parenchyma containing vascular bundles of the secondary nervures. The median nervure contains a developed collenchyma. Several druses of calcium oxalate are present in the fundamental parenchyma, lacunose parenchyma and in the collenchyma. Resin ducts are also observed in the phloem as well as in the medullar parenchyma. Extensions of sclerenchymatous fibres are observed in the mesophyll. By phytochemical analyses using TLC, HPLC-DAD and positive ions LC-ESIMS, we verified the presence of polyphenols in cashew leaves particularly heterosids of flavonoids. From LC-ESI-MS, evident structures of flavonoids seemed to be heterosids of quercetin. Ethanol 70% extract of cashew leaves was used for antiulcer and antibacterial essays. With extract dose 400mg/kg, ulcer lesions induced by HCL/ethanol 60% in rats, decreased about 98%. By a dose-response effect study, ED50 was evaluated about 150 mg/kg. Extract doses higher than 100mg/kg showed potential of lesion inhibition superior to lansoprazol 30mg. Extract methanolic fraction that gave 88,20% of ulcer inhibition likely contains the principie active of the antiulcer effect. Using bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and a clinical isolate Campylobacter coli, for antibacterial essay, the ethanolic extract and one fraction rich in flavonoids were only active in S. aureus with MIC and MBC equal to 320 µg/mL. Acute, 30-day and 90-day subacute toxicity studies were carried out. Crude extract DL50 was superior to 2000mg/kg. Based on biochemical analyses for the evaluation of renal and hepato-biliary functions, level of urea, creatinine, transaminases, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol and calcium proved that the extract is biologically tolerated by rat organismo This result was also confirmed by studies in hematology and histopathology. Genotoxity was accessed by Ames test in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, TA102 and bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. The extract exhibited sign of frameshift and base pairs substitution. Extract dose 2000mglkg seemed to induce damage in the chromosomes however; the activity was extremely inferior to the c1astogenic effect induced by ciclophosphamide.