ABSTRACT
Introduction: Menorrhagia is one of the commonest clinical conditions for which patients seek advice in the gynecological outpatient department. Aim and objectives of study: To determine the prevalence of various histopathological changes, patterns and lesions of endometrium associated with menorrhagia in the women of different age groups; to describe the morphological features of various lesions of endometrium; to assess demographic pattern of various types of endometrium lesions in this part of our country and to do clinicopathological correlation and give diagnosis based on it. Materials and methods: This was a prospective, non-interventional and observational hospital based crosssectional one year study carried out between January 2020 to June 2021 in Histopathology Department of Dhiraj Hospital on 52 cases of D & C and hysterectomy specimens. All the specimens were fixed in 10% formalin were received in the department of Pathology and processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Multiple serial sections of 4-5 microns thickness were obtained from the paraffin block and then stained with H & E. Detailed study of the sections was done by light microscopy. Results: 52 cases of menorrhagia were studied clinically and histopathologically. In present study, large proportion of patients with menorrhagia showed proliferative endometrial pattern (38.46%) followed by secretory phase (34.62%). Hyperplastic pattern was seen in 13.46% of patients. Non hyperplastic endometrial pattern was more common than hyperplastic pattern. Simple hyperplasia was more commonly seen than complex and atypical hyperplasia. Overall incidence of atypical hyperplasia was low (28.57%) and atrophic endometrium seen in 5.7% of cases. Endometrial polyp was seen in 3.84% cases and endometrial carcinoma was seen in 3.84% cases. Conclusion: Histopathological study of endometrium is very useful to reveal different endometrial patterns in menorrhagia and to distinguish between anovulatory and ovulatory causes. It is also useful for the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma.
ABSTRACT
Background: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbance in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and related to deficiency in insulin secretion or in its action. Diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism are metabolic disorders that affect the levels of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids also. The effects of thyroid dysfunction on the various metabolic pathways are assessed by specific tests, such as free T4, free T3 and TSH. Materials and methods: An observational cross-sectional study of 263 individuals was conducted in Dhiraj Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat. It included indoor, outdoor and diabetic clinic’s patients, coming to Dhiraj hospital in duration of one year. Results: In this study, total number of patient was 263, in which 134 were male and 129 were female. Out of 263 patients, 196 were euthyroid. Out of 134 male, 110 were euthyroid and 24 had thyroid dysfunction and out of 129 female, 86 were euthyroid and 43 had thyroid dysfunction with prevalence of 9.12% and 16.35% respectively. Conclusion: A study of thyroid dysfunction in T2DM patients which included 263 diabetic patients, out of them 67 had thyroid dysfunction. Out of these, 67 patients 43 were female and 24 were male. This suggests that female were more prone to thyroid dysfunction than males. Out of 67 thyroid dysfunction patients, 42 were above the age of 50 year. So as the age increases the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction also increases. In our study, we found that as the duration of T2DM increases, the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction increases in patients of hypothyroidism but no such correlation was found in patients of hyperthyroidism.