Avaliação da pressão arterial e fatores de risco para a hipertensão arterial na população de Passo Fundo / Blood pressure assessment and risk factors for hypertension in the population of Passo Fundo

Introdução: A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) é uma condição prevalente e associada a diversas condições comorbidades principalmente envolvendo o sistema cardio vascular. Objetivo: Avaliar as medidas pressóricas na população de Passo Fundo, como também fatores de risco para a HAS. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal de aferições de pressões artérias sistólicas e diastólicas e os participantes também foram submetidos a um questionários avaliando fatores de risco para a HAS, como tabagismo, obesidade, atividade física/sedentarismo, uso de medicações concomitantes. No total 137 pacientes foram incluídos. Resultados: Das 137 pessoas, 68 eram mulheres e 69 homens, a média de idades é de 52 (DP ±18,7) anos, Cinquenta e três (38,6%) dos pacientes já tinham o diagnóstico prévio de HAS, destes o controle pressórico sistólico quando comparado com os pacientes sem o diagnóstico foi de 134 mmHg x 128,5 mmHg, p=0,0142; mesmo resultados foram obtidos com a pressão diastólica 86,4 mmHg x 81,7 mmHg, p=0,0172. Avaliando os 84 indivíduos sem os critérios de HAS, 35 (41%) apresentavam PA sistólica e/ou diastólica superior ao limite da normalidade. Analisando os hábitos de vida 84 (61,4%) dos indivíduos praticam regularmente atividade física, 53 (38,6%) eram sedentários. Ao tabagismo 11 (8%) eram fumantes ativos e 30 (19%) eram ex-fumantes. Quarenta e um pacientes apresentavam sobrepeso e trinta e dois apresentavam obesidade. Conclusão: A HAS é uma condição prevalente, havendo muitos fatores de risco envolvido. Muitos pacientes assintomáticos e sem o diagnóstico dessa condição. Aqueles que apresentavam o diagnóstico prévio foi percebido controle inadequado.

Introduction: Systemic Arterial Hypertension (SAH) is a prevalent condition associated with several comorbid conditions, mainly involving the cardiovascular system. Objective: To evaluate blood pressure measurements in the population of Passo Fundo, as well as risk factors for SAH. Methods: A cross-sectional study of systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements was carried out and the participants also answered a questionnaire assessing risk factors for SAH, such as smoking, obesity, physical activity/sedentary lifestyle, use of concomitant medications. A total of 137 patients were included. Results: Of the 137 people, 68 were women and 69 men, the mean age is 52 (SD ±18.7) years. Fifty-three (38.6%) of the patients already had a previous diagnosis of SAH, of these patients the systolic blood pressure control as compared to those without the diagnosis was 134 mmHg x 128.5 mmHg, p=0.0142; the same results were obtained with diastolic pressure: 86.4 mmHg x 81.7 mmHg , p=0.0172. Evaluating the 84 individuals without the SAH criteria, 35 (41%) had systolic and/or diastolic BP above the limit of normality. Analyzing life habits, 84 (61.4%) of the individuals regularly practice physical activity, 53 (38.6%) were sedentary. As for smoking, 11 (8%) were active smokers and 30 (19%) were former smokers. Forty-one patients were overweight and thirty-two were obese. Conclusion: SAH is a prevalent condition, with many risk factors involved. Many patients are asymptomatic and without a diagnosis of this condition. Those who had a previous diagnosis were perceived as having inadequate control.

Desenvolvimento de sistema estruturado com inteligência artificial para apoio no diagnóstico de patologias oftalmológicas mais relevantes / Development of a structured artificial intelligence system to support the diagnosis of the most relevant ophthalmic diseases

Introdução: A inteligência artificial (IA) está revolucionando a área da saúde. Na oftalmologia, esta tecnologia pode possibilitar diagnósticos mais rápidos e precisos, impedindo a progressão das alterações na visão. Médicos e algoritimosalgoritmos podem ser mais eficientes quando trabalham juntos. Desenvolver um software de IA com alta especificidade e sensibilidade para apoio no diagnóstico de algumas patologias oftalmológicas. Métodos: O software de deep learning foi construído através de redes neurais valendo de duas bases computacionais MobileNet e Inception. Para o treinamento do banco de dados foram utilizadas 2.520 imagens de glaucoma, retinopatia diabética, toxoplasmose ocular, papiledema, descolamento de retina e retina normal. Para a validação foi utilizado 428 imagens patológicas e normais para os cálculos de sensibilidade e de especificidade. Todas as imagens foram cedidas da Sociedade Americana de Especialistas da Retina. Resultados: Os resultados de sensibilidade e especificidade foram no MobileNet de 91% (IC 95%, 89-92%) e 98,5% (IC 95%, 98-99%); no Inception, de 91,4% (IC 95%, 89-93,5%) de 98,4% (IC 95%, 98-98,8%), respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois métodos utilizados. Conclusão: O software apresentou resultados promissores na distinção das condições oftalmológicas pesquisadas. (AU)

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing health care. In ophthalmology, this technology can enable faster and more accurate diagnoses, preventing the progression of vision Physicians and algorithms are most effective when working together. To develop an AI software with high specificity and sensitivity to support the diagnosis of some ophthalmic diseases. Methods: A deep learning software was built through neural networks using two computational bases, MobileNet and Inception. For training the database, 2520 images of glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, ocular toxoplasmosis, papilledema, retinal detachment, and normal retina were used. For validation, 428 pathological and normal images were used for calculations of sensitivity and specificity. All images were obtained from the American Society of Retina Specialists. Results: The results of sensitivity and specificity were 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89-92%) and 98.5% (95% CI, 98-99%) on MobileNet, and 91.4% (95% CI, 89-93.5%) and 98.4% (95% CI, 98-98.8%) on Inception, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two methods. Conclusion: The software showed promising results in distinguishing the main ophthalmic conditions surveyed. (AU)

Umbilical cord constriction as a cause of intrauterine fetal death / Constrição de cordão umbilical como causa de morte fetal intrauterina

ABSTRACT The umbilical cord constriction (UCC) is an uncommon condition and an important etiology for stillborn fetuses. The main goal of this study was to verify the UCC occurrence as the cause of intrauterine fetal death, the associated etiology and its pathological characteristics. Therefore, a descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study was developed using the database from a Pathology Institute, in Brazil, from 1995 to 2017. The results presented a total of 1,359 embryo/fetus deaths - 69 (5.07%) due to UCC, 60.9% males and 39.1% females. The average age of pregnant women was 27.5 years ± 7.2 years of standard deviation (SD). The majority of deaths occurred during the second trimester (76.5%), followed by the first (14.7%) and third (8.8%) trimesters, respectively. One constriction alone was found in 87% of cases, 11% had two constrictions and only 1% had three or more. The presence of congenital malformations was detected in 20.2% of necropsies, the identification of chronic fetal distress was described in 71% of the technical reports and 17% of the cases had obstructive vasculopathy characteristics in microscopy analysis. Regarding the anatomopathological characteristics between the male and female sexes, no significant difference was found (p > 0.05) correlating gestational age, weight or congenital malformations. UCC was a cause of fetal death found in 5% of the cases, and it was linked to congenital malformations, fetal distress and obliterative vasculopathy.

RESUMEN La constricción del cordón umbilical (CCU) es una condición infrecuente que no está bien descrita en la literatura, a pesar de ser una importante etiología observada en mortinatos. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la ocurrencia de CCU como causa de muerte fetal y las características patológicas asociadas. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo transversal con informaciones de la base de datos de un Instituto de Patología, en Brasil, de 1995 hasta 2017. Los resultados fueron: 1.359 muertes de embriones/fetos, de las cuales 69 (5,07%) se debieron a CCU; 60,9% eran del sexo masculino y 39,1%, del femenino. El promedio de edad de las mujeres embarazadas fue de 27,5 anos; desviación estándar de ± 7,2 anos. La mayoría de las muertes ocurrió en el segundo trimestre (76,5%), seguido del primero (14,7%) y del tercero (8,8%). Entre el total de casos de CCU observados, 87% tuvieron sólo una constricción; 11%, dos; y 1%, tres o más. La presencia de malformaciones congénitas fue encontrada en 20,2% de las necropsias; la identificación de sufrimiento fetal crónico fue reportada en 71% de los informes; y características de vasculopatía obstructiva en el análisis de microscopía, en 17% de los casos. Con respecto a las características anatomopatológicas entre los sexos masculino y femenino, no se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa (p > 0,05) correlacionando edad gestacional de los fetos/embriones, peso o malformaciones congénitas. La CCU es una condición rara de muerte fetal asociada a bajo peso fetal y restricción de crecimiento. Nuestra investigación sugiere una posible relación entre la CCU y la vasculopatía obliterativa.

RESUMO A constrição de cordão umbilical (CCU) é uma condição infrequente, não bem descrita na literatura, apesar de ser uma importante etiologia observada em fetos natimortos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de CCU como causa de morte fetal e as características etiopatológicas associadas. Para tanto, um estudo retrospectivo transversal foi realizado a partir das informações do banco de dados do Instituto de Patologia de Passo Fundo, durante os anos de 1995 a 2017. Os resultados foram: 1.359 mortes de embriões/fetos, das quais 69 (5,07%) foram devidas a CCU; 60,9% eram do sexo masculino e 39,1%, do feminino. A média de idade das gestantes foi de 27,5 anos; desvio padrão (DP) de ± 7,2 anos. A maioria das mortes ocorreu no segundo trimestre (76,5%), seguido pelo primeiro (14,7%) e terceiro (8,8%). Entre o total de CCU observadas, 87% tiveram ocorrência de apenas uma constrição; 11%, de duas; e 1%, de três ou mais. A presença de malformações congênitas foi encontrada em 20,2% das necropsias; a identificação de sofrimento fetal crônico foi relatada em 71% dos laudos; e características de vasculopatia obstrutiva na análise da microscopia, em 17% dos casos. Em relação às características anatomopatológicas entre os sexos masculino e feminino, nenhuma diferença significativa (p > 0,05) foi encontrada correlacionando idade gestacional dos fetos/embriões, peso ou malformações congênitas. A CCU é uma condição incomum de morte fetal associada a baixo peso fetal e restrição de crescimento. Nossa pesquisa sugere uma possível relação entre a CCU e a vasculopatia obliterativa.

Desenvolvimento de sistema estruturado com inteligência artificial para apoio no diagnóstico de parasitoses intestinais / Development of a structured artificial intelligence system to support the diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses

Introdução: Sistemas de inteligência artificial são tecnologias promissoras de assistência em saúde e diagnóstico laboratorial, que podem ser implementados como métodos de suporte para o diagnóstico de parasitoses intestinais. Este estudo objetivou desenvolver um software de IA que auxilia no diagnóstico laboratorial de parasitoses intestinais, com alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Métodos: O software foi desenvolvido utilizando duas redes neurais, Inception e MobileNet. Primeiro imagens de ovos dos parasitas Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, Taenia sp, Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma mansoni e larvas de Strongyloides stercoralis, foram utilizados para treinar o banco de dados. Posteriormente 2.740 imagens cedidas pelo Laboratório de Parasitologia da Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina foram testadas no software. Resultados: O software apresentou sensibilidade de 82,3% (95% intervalo de confiança (IC), 71,9%-89,1%) e especificidade de 95,1% (95% IC, 94,3%-97,8%) para MobileNet e sensibilidade de 72,1% (95% IC, 52,6%-115%) e especificidade de 92,1% (95% IC, 91,7%-97,7%) para Inception. Conclusão: O software apresentou resultados promissores na análise de parasitas intestinais, reforçando que, no futuro, a presença de sistemas de suporte de diagnóstico das parasitoses pode vir a se tornar mais rápido e eficiente. (AU)

Introduction: Artificial intelligence systems are promising technologies for health care and laboratory diagnosis, which can be implemented as support methods for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses. This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence software that assists the laboratory diagnosis of intestinal parasitoses with high sensitivity and specificity. Methods: The software was developed using two neural networks, Inception and MobileNet. First, images of eggs from the parasites Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia sp., Hymenolepis nana, Schistosoma mansoni and Strongyloides stercoralis larvae were used to train the database. Then, 2,740 images provided by the Parasitology Laboratory of the Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina were tested in the software. Results: The software had a sensitivity of 82.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.9% ­ 89.1%) and a specificity of 95.1% (95% CI, 94.3% ­ 97,8%) for MobileNet and a sensitivity of 72.1% (95% CI, 52.6% ­ 115%) and a specificity of 92.1% (95% CI, 91.7% ­ 97.7%) for Inception. Conclusion: The software showed promising results in the analysis of intestinal parasites, reinforcing that, in the future, the presence of diagnostic support systems for parasitoses may become faster and more efficient. (AU)

Artificial intelligence algorithm for the histopatological diagnosis of skin cancer

Introduction: Cutaneous neoplasms are the most common cancers in the world, and have high morbidity rates. A definitive diagnosis can only be obtained after histopathological evaluation of the lesions. To develop an artificial intelligence program to establish the histopathological diagnosis of cutaneous lesions.Methods: A deep learning program was built using three neural network architectures: MobileNet, Inception and convolutional networks. A database was constructed using 2732 images of melanomas, basal and squamous cell carcinomas, and normal skin. The validation set consisted of 284 images from all 4 categories, allowing for the calculation of sensitivity and specificity. All images were provided by the Path Presenter website.Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the MobileNet model were 92% (95%CI, 83-100%) and 97% (95%CI, 90-100%), respectively; corresponding figures for the Inception model were 98.3% (95%CI, 86-100%) and 98.8% (95%CI, 98.2-100%); lastly, the sensitivity and specificity of the convolutional network model were 91.6% (95%CI, 73.8-100%) and 95.7% (95%CI, 94.4-97.2%). The maximum sensitivity for the differentiation of malignant conditions was 91%, and specificity was 95.4%.Conclusion: The program developed in the present study can efficiently distinguish between the main types of skin cancer with high sensitivity and specificity. (AU)

Method of histopathological diagnosis of mammary nodules through deep learning algorithm / Método de diagnóstico histopatológico de nódulos mamários por meio do algoritmo de aprendizagem profunda

ABSTRACT Introduction: Artificial intelligence systems are promising health care technologies, mainly in medical subareas such as pathology, and can be used as support methods for the histological diagnosis of mammary nodules. Objective: This study describes the method and results of the development of artificial intelligence software for the histopathological analysis of mammary nodules. Methods: The software was developed by using two neural networks - Inception and MobileNet. The database used for learning the conditions analyzed (histologically normal breast, fibroadenoma, fibrocystic changes, in situ ductal carcinoma, invasive carcinoma of no special type and invasive lobular carcinoma) was obtained after authorization of the Path Presenter site with 5,298 images. The 2,740 images used for the validation of the system were obtained from the Pathology Institute of Passo Fundo. Results: The present software had sensitivity of 80.5% [95% confidence interval (CI), 71.9%-89.1%] and specificity of 96.1% (95% CI, 94.3%-97.8%) for MobileNet and sensitivity of 73.8% (95% CI, 52.6%-115%) and specificity of 94.7% (CI 95%, 91.7%-97.7%) for Inception. For the differentiation of malignant conditions, it obtained a maximum sensitivity of 78.7% and specificity of 95.8%; for differentiation of benign conditions, the maximum sensitivity was 82.6% and the specificity was 97.4%. Conclusion: The present software presented promising results in the histopathological analysis of mammary nodules. It reinforced the idea that in the future the presence of diagnostic support systems in breast pathologies may play a crucial role in health care.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los sistemas de inteligencia artificial son tecnologiasprometedoras en asistencia en salud, principalmente en áreas médicas como la patologia; pueden ser usados para el diagnóstico histopatológico de nódulos mamarios. Objetivo: Este estudio presenta el método y los resultados de la construcción de un software de inteligencia artificial para análisis histopatológico de nódulos mamarios. Métodos: El software fue desarrollado usando dos redes neurales. Se obtuvo la base de datos para el aprendizaje de las condicionas analizadas (mama histológicamente normal, fibroadenoma, cambios fibroquisticos de la mama, carcinoma ductal in situ, carcinoma invasivo de tipo no especial y carcinoma lobular invasivo) después de la aprobación de la página Path Presenter, con 5.298 imágenes. Las imágenes utilizadas para validación del sistema se obtuvieron del Instituto de Patologia de Passo Fundo, totalizando 2.740 imágenes. Resultados: El softwarepresentósensibilidaddel80,5% [intervalo de confianza (IC) 95%, 71,9%-89,1%] y especificidad de 96,1% (95% IC, 94,3%-97,8%) para MobileNet y sensibilidad de 73,8% (95% IC, 52,6%-115%) y especificidad de 94,7% (95% IC, 91,7%-97,7%) para Inception. Para diferenciación de condiciones malignas, obtuvo-se sensibilidad máxima de 78,7% y especificidad de 95,8%; para diferenciación de condiciones benignas, la sensibilidad máxima fue de 82,6% y la especificidad, de 97,4%. Conclusión: El software presentó resultados prometedores en el análisis histopatológico de nódulos mamarios, reforzando la idea de que, en el futuro, la presencia de sistemas de soporte diagnóstico de enfermedades mamarias puede desempenar un papel crucial en la rutina del sistema de salud.

RESUMO Introdução: Sistemas de inteligência artificial são tecnologias promissoras de assistência em saúde, principalmente em subáreas médicas, como a patologia; podem ser utilizados como métodos de suporte para o diagnóstico) histopatológico de nódulos mamários. Objetivo: Este estudo apresenta a metodologia e os resultados da construção de um software de inteligência artificial para análise histopatológica de nódulos mamários. Métodos: O softwarefoi desenvolvido utilizando duas redes neuraispara a sua construção: Inception e MobileNet. O banco de dados utilizado para a aprendizagem das condições analisadas (mama histologicamente normal, fibroadenoma, alteração fibrocística, carcinoma ductal in situ, carcinoma invasivo do tipo não especial e carcinoma lobular invasivo) foi obtido após autorização do site Path Presenter, com 5.298 imagens. As imagens utilizadas para a validação do sistema foram obtidas do Instituto de Patologia de Passo Fundo, totalizando 2.740 imagens. Resultados: O software apresentou sensibilidade de 80,5% [intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%, 71,9%-89,1%] e especificidade de 96,1 % (95% IC, 94,3%-97,8%)para o MobileNet e sensibilidade de 73,8% (95% IC, 52,6%-115%) e especificidade de 94,7% (95% IC, 91,7%-97,7%) para o Inception. Para a diferenciação de condições malignas, obteve-se sensibilidade máxima de 78,7% e especificidade de 95,8%; para diferenciação de condições benignas, a sensibilidade máxima foi de 82,6% e a especificidade, de 97,4%. Conclusão: O software apresentou resultados promissores na análise histopatológica de nódulos mamários, reforçando que, no futuro, a presença de sistemas de suporte de diagnóstico das patologias mamárias pode se fazer presente na rotina do sistema saúde.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BREAST SELF-EXAMINATION AS A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD OF BREAST CANCER / A importância do autoexame como método diagnóstico do câncer de mama

Method: An observational, retrospective, descriptive and cross - sectional study was carried out with data collected from Clínica Basegio, Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the importance of breast self-examination (BSE) as a diagnostic method for breast cancer in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 320 patient records were selected from 1987 to 2017, among which 14 were excluded due to insufficient information. Results: BSE accounted for 48% of breast cancer diagnoses, followed by mammography and ultrasound. Imaging methods proved to be more effective in diagnosing early stage disease, while BSE detected more advanced tumors. This data was based on the histological characteristics of the tumors, with a significant difference (p<0.05) between tumor size and lymph node involvement when compared to BSE and imaging methods. Thus, the survival of the patients diagnosed by mammography and ultrasound was significantly higher than the patients diagnosed by BSE. Conclusion: Evidence from this retrospective study suggests that BSE is the prevalent diagnostic method for breast cancer in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Despite detecting tumors in advanced stages, it is still a fundamental method within the Brazilian reality.

Método: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo e transversal, com dados coletados na Clínica Basegio, Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a importância do autoexame das mamas (AEM) como método diagnóstico para o câncer de mama em Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. Um total de 320 registros de pacientes foram selecionados de 1987 a 2017, dos quais 14 foram excluídos devido a informações insuficientes. Resultados: O AEM foi responsável por 48% dos diagnósticos de câncer de mama, seguido pela mamografia e ultrassonografia. Os métodos de imagem mostraram-se mais eficazes no diagnóstico de doença em estágio inicial, enquanto o AEM detectou tumores mais avançados. Esses dados foram baseados nas características histológicas dos tumores, com diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre o tamanho do tumor e o comprometimento linfonodal quando comparados aos métodos de AEM e de imagem. Assim, a sobrevida dos pacientes diagnosticados por mamografia e ultrassonografia foi significativamente maior que a de pacientes diagnosticados por AEM. Conclusão: Evidências deste estudo retrospectivo sugerem que o AEM é o método diagnóstico prevalente para o câncer de mama no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Apesar de detectar tumores em estágios avançados, ainda é um método fundamental dentro da realidade brasileira.

Ecological study of viral hepatitis in Brazil: a geographical and temporal analysis

Introduction: Viral hepatitis is a group of diseases that present high hepatotropism and are related to liver dysfunctions, having either an acute or a chronic course. Their worldwide epidemiology is diverse, with several endemic places, such as South America. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Brazil, in order to better understand its pattern of distribution and evolution. Method: A temporal aggregation study was conducted using the Viral Hepatitis Database of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The serological markers used were HBsAg and anti-HCV for hepatitis B and C, respectively. Mortality data were collected from the Mortality Information System for deaths attributed to viral hepatitis. The period analyzed was from 2007 to 2016/17. Results: The incidence was 7.88 (95% CI, 7.30-8.45) for hepatitis B and 11.9 (95% CI, 11.15-12.65) for hepatitis C. Mortality attributed to viral hepatitis was 1.61 (95% CI, 1.35-1.87) deaths per 100,000 people. An analysis of municipal distribution data showed several endemic areas. The Brazilian regions most affected by hepatitis B virus were the northern and southern borders, Santa Catarina coast and Espírito Santo state, while hepatitis C virus was mostly present in metropolitan areas such as Porto Alegre and São Paulo. Conclusions: Viral hepatitis has a diverse geographic distribution in the Brazilian territory, with highly endemic areas. The distribution differs between hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses. (AU)

Gastric metastases of a malignant melanoma

Malignant melanoma accounts for around 5% of all malignant skin tumors. It is considered one of the most aggressive neoplasms due to its high metastasizing capacity. The most common sites of metastasis are peri-tumor lymph nodes, lung, brain and liver. The digestive tract is not a common site of metastasis. When involved, the small intestine is the organ most commonly affected. The stomach is a rare site of metastasis, found in only 7% percent of the cases. We report a case of a 72-year-old patient with a history of malignant melanoma who presented with acute epigastric pain. Enterotomography, upper endoscopy and additional biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of gastric metastases. (AU)

Reported mortality for colorectal cancer in Brazil in the first 16 years of the 21st century

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant neoplasm with major impact on health today. There is, however, an efficient method for prevention and screening, which varies in different protocols according to each institution or country. The objective is to evaluate the mortality rate and the economic cost of CRC in Brazil during the first 16 years of the 21st century. Method: A retrospective, temporal aggregation study was conducted with an exploratory, documentary quantitative approach on CRC mortality from 2000 to 2016, based on the Mortality Information System database provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Results: In the study period, 218,000 deaths due to CRC were recorded. The CRC mortality rate was 6.2 (95% confidence interval, 5.59-6.81) per 100,000 population, with no significant difference between men and women. Of the 17 age subgroups analyzed, eight had a significant increase from 2000 to 2016, including all subgroups aged over 50 years. Conclusion: There was an increase in mortality due to CRC in the study period.

Variação anatômica do tronco celíaco e do sistema arterial hepático: uma análise por exames de imagem / Anatomical variations of the celiac trunk and the hepatic arterial system: an imaging analysis

Introdução: As variações anatômicas das artérias hepáticas e do tronco celíaco são de grande importância para cirurgias laparoscópicas, transplantes hepáticos, intervenções radiológicas e tratamento de lesões abdominais. O grande aumento de intervenções minimamente invasivas deixou os atos cirúrgicos com menos espaço para o reconhecimento de estruturas anatômicas. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo do banco de dados do Hospital São Vicente de Paulo durante o ano de 2016, analisando imagens abdominais de tomografia computadorizada com contraste e angiotomografias que envolvem a aorta abdominal e seus ramos ­ um total de 461 imagens foram analisadas. Resultados: Dos 461 pacientes analisados, 86,9% apresentaram a conformação usual do tronco celíaco ­ cuja anatômica é a origem tríplice com as artérias gástrica esquerda, esplênica e hepática comum e artéria mesentérica superior se originando sozinha da aorta abdominal. Dentre as anatomias anômalas (13%), o padrão mais comum desses ramos foi a presença em 4,5% de um tronco hepatomesentérico e um tronco gastroesplênico. No sistema arterial hepático a conformação mais prevalente foram as artérias hepáticas direita e esquerda sendo ramos da hepática próprias em 66,3%. Das alterações anatômicas (33,2%), as mais comuns foram a presença de uma artéria hepática esquerda acessória ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda (7,8%). Conclusão: Variações anatômicas do sistema arterial hepático e do tronco celíaco são prevalentes, podendo apresentar diversos arranjos organizacionais. (AU)

Introduction: Anatomical variations in the hepatic arteries and the celiac trunk are of great importance for laparoscopic surgeries, liver transplants, radiological interventions and treatment of abdominal injuries. A large increase in the number of minimally invasive interventions hampered the recognition of anatomical structures in surgical procedures. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using the 2016 São Vicente de Paulo Hospital database of contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography images and computed tomography angiographies showing the abdominal aorta and its branches. In total, 461 images were analyzed. Results: Of the 461 patients analyzed, 86.9% had usual conformation of the celiac trunk, which trifurcates into the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery, while the superior mesenteric artery originates alone from the abdominal aorta. Among the cases of anomalous anatomy (13%), the most common pattern in these branches was the presence of a hepatomesenteric trunk and a gastrosplenic trunk in 4.5%. In the hepatic arterial system, the most prevalent conformation was the right and left hepatic arteries being branches of the hepatic artery proper in 66.3%. Of all anatomical variations (33.2%), the most common were the presence of a left accessory hepatic artery of the left gastric artery (7.8%). Conclusion: Anatomical variations in the hepatic arterial system and the celiac trunk are common, having different structural arrangements. (AU)

Epidemiological profile of esophageal cancer mortality in Rio Grande do Sul and its health regions

Introduction: Malignant esophageal neoplasia is a rare tumor, but it has high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and intensive treatment associated with surgical approach remains the best treatment for the disease. Its epidemiology is extremely diverse in the world, even in the same country. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis made from 2000-2015, analyzing the mortality rates of malignant esophageal neoplasia in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in its 30 Health Regions and in Brazil. The mortality data were collected in the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the population data in the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Results: The esophageal cancer mortality rate was 8.61 (95% CI, 8.49-8.73) per 100,000 inhabitants in RS, while the national rate was 3.66 (95% CI, 3, 49-3.82), with a significant difference (p <0.0001). The regional distribution was variable, and the West Border region presented the highest rate, 12.91 (95% CI, 12.05-13.77). However, even regions with lower mortality presented twice as much deaths than the national rate. Mortality increased with aging, with the oldest age groups (≥80 years) presenting 69.62 (95% CI, 64.9-74) deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: Esophageal neoplasia is still a very serious condition in the state of RS, being associated with an almost 3-fold higher mortality rate compared to the national rate. Even within the state different epidemiological patterns are found. (AU)

Epidemiological profile of viral hepatitis in Rio Grande do Sul and its health macro-regions

Introduction: Viral hepatitis comprises a group of viruses characterized by high global prevalence and hepatic tropism. Its epidemiology is extremely variable throughout the world, and South America is an endemic place. A better understanding of the regional reality is fundamental for proposing new public health measures. Methods: We conducted an aggregate temporal study of the Viral Hepatitis Database of the Ministry of Health of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), with an epidemiological profile of the reactive results of HBsAg and Anti-HCV tests, together with data on mortality from acute Hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis from the respective Health Macro-Regions from 2007 to 2015. Results: The incidence of new cases of hepatitis B in RS during the analyzed period was 11 (95% CI, 9.7-12.1) cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Meanwhile, the Northern region of the state, represented by the municipality of Passo Fundo, had 32.7 (95% CI, 28.3-37) and 22.8 (95% CI, 19.5-26) new cases of hepatitis B per 100,000 inhabitants for men and women, respectively. The incidence of new cases of hepatitis C in the State of Rio Grande do Sul was 29.2 (95% CI, 24.5-34.9 in 100,000 inhabitants). Conclusion: Viral hepatitis remains an important pathology in the context of Rio Grande do Sul and its Macro-Regions. (AU)

Hepatic arterial pattern and celiac trunk not described in literature

Knowledge of the hepatic arterial anatomy and celiac trunk is gaining importance, since the use of minimally invasive surgeries is more frequent nowadays. This kind of procedure meant that surgeons had less room for visualization of anatomical variants and work. In addition, failure to recognize the correct anatomy of the hepatic vascularization in a transplant procedure can lead to organ failure and death. The present case aims to demonstrate an arterial hepatic celiac trunk pattern that was never described by any of the acknowledged classification systems. This pattern is challenging for the surgical management of possible upper abdominal interventions, since non-recognition may lead to iatrogenesis. (AU)