ABSTRACT
Background: In 2019, a novel virus belonging to the coronavirus (CoV) family, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in Wuhan,China’s Hubei province. This was first reported to the WHO Country Office in China at the end of that year and isnow known as COVID -19.Although this is a new strain, related coronaviruses can cause illnesses ranging fromthe common cold to more severe diseases such as SARS and MERS as per the literature.The clinical presentationis generally that of a respiratory infection with a symptom severity ranging from a mild common cold-like illness,to a severe viral pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome that is potentially fatal.Aim and Objective of the study: Unprecedented measures have been espoused to control the rapid spread of theenduring COVID-19 epidemic in Andhra Pradesh. Health science students and primary health care physician’sadherence to control measures is prejudiced by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID19.The battle against COVID-19 is continuing in India. To guarantee the final success, public adherence to thesecontrol measures are vital, which is mostly pretentious by their knowledge, Awareness, and practices (KAP)towards COVID-19 in accordance with KAP theory.Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study is designed to include health sciences students and primary healthcare physicians in Andhra Pradesh state. An interview questionnaire has been designed to assessKnowledge,Awareness and Practices of health sciences students and primary health care physicians, regardingCOVID -19.Results and Discussion: All the registered study participants after giving their consent,completed the questionnaireperfectly. Regarding the Sociodemographic characteristics, out of 243,Male 79 (32.5), Female 164 (67.5) in Gender.Majority of the study participants 128(52.7%) were from Allied Health Science background, 95 (39.1% ) medicinebackground 10(4.1%) and others 10(4.1%). Knowledge variables,Type of Locality and Educational qualificationsvariables, *Awareness variable and *Practices variables i.e.,Occupation variable unvarying with demographicsusing Multiple linear regression endured significant.Educational qualifications variables and Monthly incomewise most of the study participants are students 208.
ABSTRACT
Background: Thyroid gland a brownish red, highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lateral lobesconnected by an isthmus. It lies in front of the second, third and fourth tracheal rings. It is one of the commonestglands well known for its developmental anomalies, ranging from common to rare ones. The thyroid surgeonmust have full knowledge of the anatomy of the thyroid gland, including all of its embryological, congenital, oracquired variations. Levator glandulae thyroideae (LGT), the persistent part of thyroglossal duct(fibromusculoglandular) stretches from the pyramidal lobe or upper border of isthmus of thyroid gland to thebody of the hyoid bone, usually on the left side. Presence of the pyramidal lobe (thyroid tissue remnant ofembryological origin located in the pretracheal region between the isthmus and the hyoid bone), may impactcompleteness of thyroidectomy. These variations will help the surgeons in planning thyroid surgeries in abetter and safe way.Materials and Observations: Dissection was carried out routinely in 34 cadavers of both sexes in which 2cadavers presented with LGT. In one cadaver LGT was extending from the left lobe of thyroid gland to hyoid bone.In the other cadaver in addition to the LGT, abnormal extent of the pyramidal lobe (PL). Thus accounting for anincidence of 5.80% variation, both the variations were noted in one male and one female cadavers.Conclusion: In the present study occurrence of thyroid anomalies (morphological variations) such as pyramidallobes along with LGT is vital, while dealing with thyroid surgeries in the neck region to avoid iatrogenic injuriesduring complete removal of the gland tissue. Knowledge of embryology of thyroid gland is vital as complexunderlying embryology produces substantial anatomic variations both in thyroid bed and elsewhere in theneck and mediastinum.
ABSTRACT
Different radiological methods can be used for visualization of cystic duct and its variations. It can be optimally and directly visualized with cholangiography. Unrecognized abnormality of the biliary aparatus may cause confusion on imaging studies and complicate subsequent surgical treatment. Malignancy or inflammatory processes can be secondarily involving the cystic duct. The cystic duct may be primarily involved by calculous disease, neoplasia, fistula, biliary obstruction and sclerosing cholangitis. If a portion of cystic duct is left behind during cholecystectomy many complications may be seen postoperatively. These complications include leakage and stones in cystic duct. Redundant cystic duct, impacted cystic duct stone or a tortuous cystic duct may confuse with a mass or tumor. So accurate diagnosis can familiarize the physicians and surgeon with the imaging appearance of anatomical variation of cystic duct and its related disease processes.