ABSTRACT
Background: Vaccine potency can be lost when exposed to non-recommended temperatures. Hence for the proper running of the universal immunization programme (UIP) factors like vaccine cold chain and vaccine management wants great focus and attention skills and knowledge of the vaccine cold chain handlers so for good implementation of UIP vaccine cold chain handlers are important.Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study. Study duration was carried out from October 2017 to March 2018. All the 16 cold chain handlers of district Etawah were interviewed.Results: All 16 (100.0%) were male and 1 (6.3%), 2 (12.5%), 8 (50.0%) and 5 (31.3%) of the respondents were high schools, intermediate, graduate, and post-graduate respectively. It had been observed that the hundred percent of the cold chain handlers with the knowledge of vaccine cold chain. It has been observed from the study that 15 (93.7%) cold chain handlers had knowledge of temperature range for vaccine storage.Conclusions: Quality of immunization program depends upon cold chain management at peripheral health institutions. In our study, we have found that most of the vaccine handlers were reported to have appropriate knowledge regarding the cold chain.
ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Knowledge of normal anatomy of extensor tendons of forearm and hand, along withthe variations which can occur in this arrangement of tendons is necessary for anatomists as well as orthopedicsurgeons who deal with it. This knowledge is needed for anatomists for routine dissection of the cadaver forteaching, and for surgeons when they operating injured hand or diseased hand where tendon repair orreconstruction is needed. In this study we tried to document the arrangement of extensor tendons of medial fourfingers of human hand.Materials and Methods: By using 80 upper limb specimens of human cadaver, arrangement of extensor tendonsto the medial four fingers are studied from origin to insertion, including middle part of the tendons to observesplitting in the tendons. The tendons studied are extensor digitorum communis (EDC) with four tendons, namelyextensor digitorum communis index (EDCI), extensor digitorum communis longus (EDCL), extensor digitorumcommunis ring (EDCR), extensor digitorum communis small (EDCS), extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon, extensordigiti minimi (EDM) tendon. The special findings are photographed; all the findings are tabulated and analyzedstatistically.Results: The important findings are, EDCI is having single tendon in all the 80 specimens (100%). EDCS is absentin 22 specimens (27.5%), 13 right and 9 left limb specimens. EIP is absent in one right side specimen (1.25%). EIPis having double tendons in 10 specimens (12.5%) and triple tendons in 1 specimen (1.25%). EDM is havingdouble tendons in 60 specimens (75%).Conclusion: Many variations are seen in the arrangement of extensor tendons in this study. Variations areespecially seen in the tendons of EIP and EDM. EIP showed multiple tendons and it is absent in one limb, EDMalso had double tendons in 75% specimens.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer in women in the world and it is the second most common cancer in women 15–44 years of age. Strict implementation of screening programs has led to a large decrease in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in the developed countries. In contrast, cervical cancer remains largely uncontrolled in high-risk developing countries because of ineffective or no screening programs. Conventional Pap smear method has been the mainstay of most of the screening programs for many decades. However, this technique is not without limitations, and the sensitivity and specificity of cervical cytology are relatively low. To overcome the limitations of conventional Pap smear (CPS), liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced in 1990s as a better tool for processing cervical samples. Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare CPS with liquid-based methods, to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of LBC over CPS in our setting, and also to evaluate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in our population. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in Gynecological Oncology Unit of Regional Cancer Center at Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar. About 310 women were enrolled in this study and the sample was taken for both conventional cytology and LBC. The smears were studied in detail and were interpreted as per the Bethesda system of reporting Pap smears. The results were compared and analyzed statistically. Results: Unsatisfactory smears were more commonly reported by conventional method (7.1%) than with liquid-based method (1.61%), and this difference is statistically significant. There was no difference in the detection of epithelial cell abnormalities using both the methods. HPV DNA for high-risk oncogenic strains (16 and 18) was detected in 6.45% of women in this study. Conclusion: LBC has been found to be more superior to conventional smears only with respect to lesser number of unsatisfactory smears, but considering the economic implications of LBC, conventional Pap is more feasible in our setting
ABSTRACT
Objective: A retrospective analysis of all patients with cancer of the cervix attending regional cancer center of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, from June 2015 to June 2017. The aim of this study was to know patient demographics, histology, age, stage and status of presentation, compliance with treatment and follow-up. Materials and Methods: Five hundred and eighteen consecutively registered patients with cancer of the cervix were included in the study. Results: The prevalence of cervical cancer among gynecological malignancy was 52%. It is the second most common cancer after breast cancer at our center. Patients hailed from the various districts of Bihar (89%), India, and from Nepal (10.61%). The majority (>50%) were aged 40–59 years. Stage information was available for 71.81% of the patients, of which Stage I comprised 12.36%, Stage II, 35.21%; Stage III, 50%; and Stage IV, 2.41%. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common reported histopathology (~90%). A significant proportion of the women defaulted after registration, or after undergoing investigations (17%). Of the 68% cases planned for treatment, 50% initiated it, but only 38% completed it, About 11% of cases underwent Wertheim's hysterectomy and rest of patients were treated by radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. Conclusion: The incidence of cervical cancer is still unacceptably high at our center. Organized cervical cancer screening needs to be adopted for early diagnosis.