Clinical application and pharmacokinetic study of nanocarriers in drug delivery system / 药学学报

Nanotechnology has shown obvious advantages in the field of medical treatment and diagnosis. Through the encapsulation of nano carriers, drugs not only enhance the therapeutic effect and reduce toxic and side effects, but also become intelligent responsive targeted drug systems through the modification on the surface of nano carriers. However, due to the obstacles in relevant basic research, production conditions, cost, clinical trials, and the lack of pharmacokinetic research on various drug loading systems, few nano systems have been used in therapy. In order to solve the above problems, this paper reviewed and analyzed the research progress of nano carriers in drug delivery, including their auxiliary role and characteristics, types and functions, pharmacokinetics, application prospects and challenges.

The relationships between hemoglobin and insulin resistance, glucose effectiveness, and first- and second-phase insulin secretion in adult Chinese

ABSTRACT Objective We denote the four major factors related to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as "diabetes factor" (DF); increased insulin resistance (IR); decreased glucose effectiveness (GE); and the first-and-second-phase of insulin secretion (FPIS, SPIS). The level of hemoglobin (Hb) was found to be related to IR and FPIS, but no-known studies focused on its role in relation to SPIS and GE. In this study, we aim to evaluate the relationships between Hb and all four DFs in the same individual. Subjects and methods We randomly enrolled 24,407 men and 24,889 women between 30 and 59 years old. IR, FPIS, SPIS and GE were measured according to equations published in our previous studies. To compare the slopes between Hb and the four DFs with different units, we converted their units to percent of change per unit of increased Hb. Results Age, HDL-cholesterol and GE were higher in women; BMI, blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, TG, Hb, FPIS, SPIS and IR were higher in men. After they were converted into percentage, the closeness of their relationships to Hb, from the highest to the lowest, were GE, IR, FPIS and SPIS for women and IR, GE, FPIS and SPIS for men. GE was the only one negatively related to Hb. Conclusions Our data showed that IR, FPIS and SPIS were both positively and, GE negatively, related to the Hb in adult Chinese. For women, GE had the closest association with Hb; for men, it was IR. Both phases of insulin secretion had relatively weaker relationships than IR and GE.

A preliminary study on psychological crisis intervention strategies used in public emergencies / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To explore the strategies of using psychological crisis intervention in public emergencies.Methods In the early stage,psychological crisis intervention concepts and behavioral responses were formed through literature research and qualitative research methods.Use three rounds of Delphi for expert advice.Three indexes including positive coefficient,authority and coordination were used to test the reliability of expert consultation.Results Overall,it passed 239 out of 269 entries.The first round passed item 210,modified item 18,no consensus item 41;In the second round,8 new entries were added,and 22 entries were deleted through 24 entries.In the third round,there were 5 entries and 16 entries were deleted.The authority coefficient was 0.859,indicating that the experts were very familiar with the items.The coordination coefficient of three rounds of consultations were 0.464,0.696,and 0.407 (P＜0.001)respectively,showing that the coordination degree of experts was excellent,the credibility of feedback was high,and results were highly reliable.Conclusions The strategies of field psychological crisis intervention for public emergencies developed in this study received the consensus by domestic psychological crisis intervention experts,it is will provide a basis for systematic,comprehensive and effective guidance for this work.

Isolation and identification of swine NDV JL01 strain and phylogenetic analysis of F gene / 病毒学报

An outbreak of fever and dyspnea with high incidence rate and case fatality rate occurred among pigs in a pigfarm in Jilin province, China, in 2000. The paramyxovirus-like particles could be observed in lungs, spleens and kidneys of the dead pigs under the transmission electron microscope. A Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate designated as JL01 was determined as the causal agent for the disease outbreak. The purified virus was reinoculated into pigs, and then the pigs infected with the virus showed similar symptoms, and the HI antibody of NDV could be detected from the reinoculated pigs. The MDT, ICPI and EID50 of the JL01 isolate was 55.2h, 1.60 and 10(-7.5)/0.1 mL respectively. The F gene of JL01 was cloned and sequenced, and the results showed that the identities of F gene shared by JL01 and avirulent NDV reference strains were from 91.5% to 98.5%, and could be ascribed to NDV genotype I. Thus, the swine NDV JL01 strain should be an avirulent strain with gene variation, but the virulence of JL01 was just the same as velogenic strains.

Factor analysis of metabolic syndrome using direct measurement of insulin resistance in Chinese with different degrees of glucose tolerance.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: With the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in Taiwan, the understanding of metabolic syndrome (MetS) becomes more important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clustering patterns of the risk variables of the MetS with factor analysis (FacAn). METHODS: A total of 564 Chinese individuals with normal glucose tolerance (N, n=345), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, n=164) or diabetes mellitus (DM, n=55) were enrolled. Insulin resistance was measured by insulin suppression test (IST). The components of MetS such as waist hip ratio (WHR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) from IST were put into the model of exploratory FacAn. RESULTS: In spite of the minor different loading patterns, three dimensions were identified in the three subgroups; a "blood pressure" dimension, loading with mainly SBP and DBP, an "insulin resistance" dimension, loading mainly with SSPG, and an "adiposity/glucose" dimension loading with TG, WHR or FPG. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our results were consistent with different ethnic groups in earlier reports that more than two dimensions were identified and that the MetS is not unified by a single underlying aetiology, i.e., insulin resistance. Longitudinal analysis in this and other populations will be required to validate our findings and to test their generalisability.

Insulin resistance & secretion in subjects with normal fasting plasma glucose.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Lowering the diagnostic threshold of normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) from 6.1 to 5.56 mmol/l has been proposed by American Diabetes Association. As early detection of subjects with risk of diabetes is important, it is crucial to understand the relationship between different levels of FPG, insulin resistance (IR) and insulin secretion. We measured IR and insulin secretion in subjects with different levels of FPG to investigate the relationship between FPG and IR and insulin secretion, and to see whether lowering the cut-off improves the sensitivity of impaired fasting glucose to predict diabetes. METHODS: Apparently healthy subjects (294) were enrolled and divided into 3 groups according to their FPG levels; group 1 (<5.56 mmol/l, n=129), group 2 (5.56-6.09 mmol/l, n=99) and group 3 (6.1-6.9 mmol/l, n=66). Steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) derived from insulin suppression test was used to quantify insulin resistance and 30 min insulinogenic index during an oral glucose tolerance test to measure acute insulin secretion. RESULTS: The blood pressure was higher in group 3 than group 2 and fasting plasma insulin and triglyceride were higher in group 3 than that in group 1. The insulinogenic index was higher in the group 1 than group 3 and the SSPG was significantly higher in group 3 compared to group 1. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our study showed a trend of progressive deterioration of both insulin action and secretion with increasing FPG level. These are supportive evidences for lowering the FPG to 5.56 mmol/l as suggested by the ADA.

Expression of AIV subtype H5HA, H7HA and H9HA hemagglutinin gene in Pichia pastoris / 生物工程学报

The expression of the hemagglutinins of Avian influenza virus H5 H7and H9 subtypes was studied in this article by Pichia pastoris, one of the eukaryotis expression systems. Three reconstructed expression plasmids and engineering strains, named pPIC9K-H5HA, pPIC9K-H7HA, pPIC9K-H9HA and GS115/pPIC9K-H5HA, GS115/pPIC9K-H7HA, GS115/pPIC9K-H9HA repectively, were obtained. The reconstructed yeast engineering strains were identified by MD and MM plate selecting and PCR. The induced interests proteins were examined by SDS-PAGE and Western-bloting,the results showed that the interest genes were expressed exactly. And this will be helpful in the future study of antigen detection and antibody detection kit, as well in the subunit vaccines developing.