ABSTRACT
The Port Complex of Maranhão (PCM) is the second largest port complex in Brazil, receiving ships with large volumes of ballast water. To evaluate the microbiological quality of its waters, physicochemical parameters (pH and salinity), the number of coliforms (thermotolerants and totals), and the presence of enterobacterias and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains were analyzed. In order to identify the presence of E. coli virulence genes target regions of the stx, elt, est, aggR, CVD432, ipaH and eae nucleotide sequences were studied. The presence of totals and thermotolerants coliforms were positive. Analyzing the salinity parameter, a significant increase in total coliforms was observed during the rainy season. We identified the species Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella ozaenae, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae and Edwardsiella tarda. Out of the 51 E. coli isolated, two were positive for the elt gene and one was positive for the CVD432 sequence, features of enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative strains, respectively. This study reveals that the PCM is contaminated by enterobacteria and diarrheagenic E.coli thus providing evidence regarding the risk of these bacteria being carried by ships to other countries, and draws attention to the input of fecal bacteria brought by ships in the port waters of Maranhão.
Subject(s)
Enterobacteriaceae/classification , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Water Microbiology , Bacterial Load , Brazil , Chemical Phenomena , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Salinity , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Virulence Factors/genetics , Water/chemistryABSTRACT
Leishmania infection in humans, dogs and sandflies was examined in the endemic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) municipality of Raposa, state of Maranhão, Brazil. In this study, we examined Leishmania chagasi infection in the blood serum of both humans and Canis familiaris and the natural Leishmania sp. infection rate in the sandfly vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence reaction and polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect Leishmania infections in humans, dogs and sandflies, respectively. Overall, 186 out of 986 studied human beings were infected with L. chagasi parasites, representing an infection prevalence of 18.9 percent. An even higher infection rate was detected in dogs, where 66 (47.8 percent) out of 138 were infected. Among all Lu. longipalpis captured (n = 1,881), only 26.7 percent were females. The Leishmania infection frequency for the vector Lu. longipalpis was 1.56 percent. Remarkably, all infected sandflies were found in the peridomiciliary area. Furthermore, a high incidence of asymptomatic forms of VL in the human and canine populations was observed. The results of this study suggest autochthonous transmission of L. chagasi in this endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis because infection by Leishmania sp. was identified in all important elements of the transmission chain.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Female , Humans , Male , Dog Diseases , Endemic Diseases , Insect Vectors , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Psychodidae , Brazil , Dog Diseases , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect , Leishmania , Leishmaniasis, Visceral , Polymerase Chain Reaction , SeasonsABSTRACT
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as fontes de alimento sanguíneo de fêmeas de Lutzomyia whitmani, espécie de flebotomíneo incriminada no Maranhão como principal vetor da leishmaniose cutânea americana. Para isso, 70 fêmeas desta espécie coletadas no município de Axixá, área com um dos maiores números de casos de leishmaniose cutânea americana em humanos no Maranhão, foram analisadas utilizando a técnica da precipitina. Dos indivíduos analisados, 90 por cento apresentaram reação a algum tipo de antissoro e dentre estes, 73 por cento apresentaram reações do tipo simples com predominância para sangue de galinha (22,2 por cento), roedor (14,3) e humano (12,7 por cento). Nas reações duplas predominaram as combinações galinha/humano (6,3 por cento), galinha/gambá (4,8 por cento), boi/humano e gambá/humano (3,2 por cento). Assim, concluímos que seres humanos, animais domésticos e sinantrópicos constituem fonte alimentar sanguínea para Lutzomyia whitmani podendo desempenhar um papel importante no ciclo de transmissão da leishmaniose cutânea americana explicando os casos da doença em Axixá.
The aim of this study was to determine the sources of blood meals for females of Lutzomyia whitmani, a phlebotomine species incriminated as the main vector for American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Maranhão. For this, 70 Lutzomyia whitmani females were collected in the municipality of Axixá, an area with one of the greatest numbers of cases of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans in Maranhão. They were analyzed using the precipitin technique. Ninety percent of the specimens showed a reaction to some type of antiserum positive immune reaction, among which 73 percent presented single reactions, with predominance for chicken blood (22 percent), rodent blood (14.3 percent) and human blood (12.7 percent). Among the double reactions, the predominant combinations were chicken/human (6.3 percent), chicken/opossum (4.8 percent), ox/human (3.2 percent) and opossum/human (3.2 percent). Thus, we conclude that humans and domestic and synanthropic animals are blood meal sources for Lutzomyia whitmani and may play an important role in the transmission cycle for American cutaneous leishmaniasis, thus explaining the cases of this disease in Axixá.