ABSTRACT
Urethral carcinomas represent a rare and challenging subset of genitourinary malignancies. Treatments are variable from a radical operation to only radiotherapy, depending upon the size, extent and location of the lesion. Despite of the various treatments, the prognosis for urethral carcinoma is poor. We report a case of a 41-year-old woman with squamous cell carcinoma which occurred concomitantly in the urethra and vulva.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell , Prognosis , Radiotherapy , Urethra , Urethral Neoplasms , VulvaABSTRACT
To investigate role of autonomic nerves on penile erection and to further characterize the laboratory rat as animal model of penile erection, this experiment was performed by means of monitoring intracavernosal pressure following nerve stimulation in 46 rats. The results obtained were summarized as follows: Increased intracavernosal pressure as well as erection was observed following electrical stimulation( 1-10 volt, 0.5-5 Hz) on each autonomic nerve, although the hypogastric nerve required higher intensity of electrical stimuli than the parasympathetic nerve (pelvic or cavervnous nerve) to induce erectile response. Combined stimulation of the pelvic nerve and the hypogastric nerve resulted in synergistic increase of intracavernosal pressure. These results indicate the hypogastric nerve may have a potential role in mediation of penile tumescence as the parasympathetic(pelvic or cavernous) nerve and that this rat model would contribute to the further study of penile erection.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Autonomic Nervous System , Autonomic Pathways , Models, Animal , Negotiating , Penile ErectionABSTRACT
Sleep may be disrupted by a variety of undiagnosed sleep disorders including sleep apnea and periodic leg movement, which are of special concern because they may disrupt sleep without the knowledge of the patient. Therefore, sleep disorder screening is necessary for the accurate interpretation of nocturnal penile tumescence data. Failure to determine the presence of sleep apnea or periodic leg movements during sleep may result in an apparently abnormal nocturnal penile tumescence that does not accurately reflect the erectile capacity of the patient. In addition, penile expansion without significant rigidity could be misinterpretated as being within the range of normal activity and could, thereby, be responsible for a false diagnosis of psychogenic impotence when simultaneous measurement of penile rigidity is not performed. Herein, we introduce examples of periodic leg movement in sleep and penile expansion without significant rigidity which were detected using polysomnographic NPTM with EEG, EOG, EKG, anterior tibialis EMG, tumescence monitoring and rigiscan.