ABSTRACT
Background: In order to evaluate the variation among different rice types, the genetic diversity in a rice collection composed by 59 breeding lines, 23 landraces, 18 weedy rice lines, and 35 introduced lines that collected from countries worldwide was analyzed using 134 simple sequence repeat markers. Results: In total, 1264 alleles were identified (average, 9.43 per locus). Rare alleles made up a large portion (58.4%) of the detected alleles, and 29 unique alleles associated with rice accessions were also discovered. A model-based structural analysis revealed the presence of three subpopulations. The genetic relationships revealed by the neighbour-joining tree method were fairly consistent with the structure-based membership assignments for most of the accessions. A total of 105 accessions (79.5%) showed a clear relationship to each cluster, while the remaining 27 accessions (20.5%) were categorized as admixtures. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and distributions are of fundamental importance for genome-wide association mapping. The mean r² value for all intrachromosomal loci pairs was 0.1286. The LD between linked markers decreased with the genetic distance between pairs of linked loci. Conclusions: These results will provide an effective aid for future allele mining, association genetics, mapping and cloning gene(s), germplasm conservation, and improvement programs.
Subject(s)
Oryza/genetics , Genetic Variation , Linkage Disequilibrium , Microsatellite Repeats , Alleles , Genetics, Population , GenotypeABSTRACT
Cymbidium spp. are popular flowering plants. Assessment of the genetic diversity in cultivated Cymbidium facilitates conservation of germplasm and subsequent cultivar improvement. Thus, it is important to develop more efficient polymorphic DNA markers. Although more motifs (403) were identified and more primers (206) were designed in the genomic library compared to the cDNA library, a larger number of successful primers were obtained from the cDNA library (59.9 percent) than from genomic DNA library (51.1 percent). However, higher PIC and gene diversity were identified in genomic SSRs. The average allele number per locus was also higher in genomic SSRs (7.3) than EST-SSRs (5.2), among the 24 evaluated Cymbidium accessions. AT/TA was comparatively high in EST-SSRs, while this motif was not as common in genomic SSRs. The CTT/AAG/TCT/AGA/TTC/GAA and TGC/GCA/GCT/AGC/CTG/CAG motifs were the most abundant tri-nucleotide sequences in EST-SSRs, while GTT/AAC/TGT/ACA/TTG/CAA was the most frequent in genomic SSRs. The number of repeats ranged from 3 to 12 in EST-SSRs. Currently, 52 novel polymorphic SSR markers have been evaluated, which will be useful for germplasm assessments, core set construction, evaluation of genetic diversity, and marker assisted selection (MAS) based Cymbidium breeding.