Orocaecal transit time measured by breath hydrogen test in pre-school children

The orocaecal transit time (OCTT) was measured in 90 healthy children aged 1 to 5 years with the hydrogen breath test using lactulose (10 g in 10 per cent aqueous solution) as the test meal. The re1ationships between OCTT and gender, age, malnutrition status were assessed. The OCTT for 1.5 year-old children was 90.2 +/- 20.25 min (mean +/- SD). There was no significant difference in mean OCTT between boys and girls (89.03 +/- 15.45 vs. 91.05+/- 23.24). The mean OCTT of children who were still breast-fed (92.86+/-27.1 min) was also not different from those who were completely weaned (89.15+/-17.0 min). There was also no difference in OCTT between malnourished and non-malnourished children, and between age groups (1-2 y, 2-3 y, 3-4 y and 4-5 y).

Evaluation of tuberculin response after BCG vaccination:by gestation and by age at immunization

Tuberculin response following BCG vaccination was evaluated in 3 groups of babies. One hundred and sixteen full term babies (Group I) were vaccinated with BCG at birth; 89 full term babies (Group II) received BCG at the end of third month of life and Group III was made up of 48 preterm babies (32-36 weeks) given BCG vaccination at birth. The sizes of PPD induration area [mm] (6.3+/-3.1 Vs 2.5+/-3.0; P< 0.00001) and BCG scar diameter (3.7+/-1.5 Vs 2.7+/-1.3; P< 0.0001) were significantly larger in full term than preterm babies all of whom were vaccinated at birth, whereas no significant difference was observed between full term babies who were vaccinated at different age. The complications of BCG vaccine were not observed in all study groups. This study suggests that tuberculin responses are equivalent at birth and at third month of age in full term babies. Although immune response is not fully developed in preterm babies (32 to 36 weeks of gestation), they can be safely immunized with BCG at birth.

Etiologic agents, clinical and laboratory characteristics of acute versus persistent diarrhoea in children who attended the Yangon Children's Hospital

To identify the etiologic agents, clinical and laboratory characteristics of acute and persistent diarrhoea in children less than 12 years of age, a hospital based prospective study was carried out for 18 months in Yangon Children's Hospital. A total of 487 children, 327 with acute and 160 with persistent diarrhoea participated in the study. Intestinal pathogens including bacterial agent 31 per cent, viral agent 6.3 per cent and protozoa 33 per cent were detected in 71 per cent of persistent diarrhoea cases, whereas in acute diarrhoea cases intestinal pathogens were identified in 64 per cent, among which bacterial, viral and protozoal agents were 28 per cent, 11.5 per cent and 25 per cent respectively. More than one enteric pathogen was detected in 13.7 per cent and 16.5 per cent of persistent and acute diarrhoea cases respectively. male children who suffered from diarrhoea were more than females and peak incidence of acute and persistent diarrhoea occurred in the 2-11 month age group. fever and vomiting were found more frequent in persistent than acute diarrhoea during second week of illness and differences were statistically significant. Shigella species, ETEC and e. histolytica were equally isolated from both acute and persistent diarrhoea whereas rota virus was found more ofter in acute than persistent diarrhoea. The presence of leucocytes and reducing substances in the stool was equally frequent.

Post-mortem histological and dissecting microscopic appearance of the proximal jejunum of Myanmar children

A comparative morphological study of jejunal villi under the dissecting microscope and their histological changes under the light microscope was performed on 100 childhood necropsies from Yangon Children Hospital. they were from a-day-old meonate to twelve-year-old children. Four patterns of villi morphology were observed under the dissecting microscope: finger-like, tongue-like, leave-like and ridge villi. Histologically, inflammatory cells infiltration in the lamina propria and submucosa with vascular congestion of graded severity were observed. There is no correlation between villi morphology and histological changes. Tongue-like and leave-like villi could be regarded as normal for our children. Although histological examination of the post-mortem jejunal materials yields limited value, it could be of supportive or additive value if studied simultaneously with the dissecting microscopy.