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Aim The study aimed to determine the epidemiology and evaluate the trends in the uptake of refractive error services in Harare. Methods A clinic-based retrospective study at the Greenwood Park Eye Centre and its three subsidiaries was conducted from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. Results 12,216 patients' records were retrieved, out of which 1074 (8.79%) had refractive error cases. The prevalence of visual impairment at presentation was 5.80% [95% CI: 5.39 6.23]. Among those with refractive error, the sample prevalence of visual impairment before correction was 41.30% [CI: 38.3 44.3, 95%], and 2.20% [95% CI: 1.4 3.3] after correction. There was inconsistency in the percentage utilization of refractive error services, with the highest being 42.60% in 2015. Refractive error types were related to age, employment position, and type of visual impairment prior to refractive error treatment. Conclusion There was a low percentage of refractive error services uptake in urban Zimbabwe.
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Humans , Male , Female , Refractive Errors , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Background: Polyscias fruticosa is been used in Ghanaian folkloric medicine for the management of asthma and its related complications. Aim: This study evaluated the muco-suppressant, anti-tussive, and safety profile of an ethanolic leaf extract of Polyscias fruticosa in its use as an anti-asthmatic. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana and the School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape-Coast, Cape-Coast, Ghana; between December, 2013 and May, 2014. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out on the extract. Ammonium chloride-induced tracheal mucus phenol red secretion in ICR mice and the suppression of citric acid-induced cough in Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs were determined after treatment of experimental animals with 100 mg/kg sodium cromoglycate, or 20 mg/kg dihydrocodeine respectively, as well as with 100, 250, or 500 mg/kg of the extract. A 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg dose of the extract was administered daily for 28 days to groups of guinea pigs to establish a safety profile in a sub-chronic toxicity study. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins and cyanogenetic glycosides, alkaloids, and sterols. The extract significantly inhibited (P ≤ .01 - 0.001) tracheal mucus phenol red secretion, and suppression of citric acid-induced cough. There were no significant changes in body weight, haematological profile, as well as liver and kidney functions in the sub-chronic toxicity study. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the ethanolic leaf extract of Polyscias fruticosa has muco-suppressant and anti-tussive properties, and is safe to use; hence a suitable adjunct/remedy for the management of asthma.
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Background: Scoparia dulcis is used in Ghanaian folkloric medicine for the management of asthma and its related complications. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the anti-tussive, muco-suppressant and expectorant properties of hydroethanolic extract of S. dulcis (SDE), and to ascertain its safety for use in asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease management. Methods: The number of coughs induced in guinea pigs using citric acid and the concentration of phenol red secreted in tracheae of mice were measured. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was conducted on the extract using standard procedures. Safety for use of the extract was assessed by conducting an acute and delayed toxicity test. Results: The extract showed a dose-independent inhibition (p ≤ 0.001) of cough elicited by 7.5% citric acid, and a dose-dependent increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the amount of phenol red output in mice tracheae similar to that of ammonium chloride. For the muco-suppressant activity, SDE dose-dependently reduced (p ≤ 0.001) the concentration of ammonium chloride-induced phenol red secretions from mice tracheae. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and phenolic compounds. No acute and/or delayed toxic symptoms were observed after an oral administration of up to 5 g/kg of S. dulcis extract. Conclusion: The results showed that S. dulcis extract has anti-tussive, muco-suppressant and, expectorant and/or mucolytic properties; making it a possible remedy for asthma, and obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Aims: To investigate the influence of patient information leaflets on Ophthalmic patients’ education and medication compliance. Study Design: Hospital-based cross- sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Optometry, School of Physical Sciences, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana, between September 2012 and May 2013. Methodology: A semi - structured questionnaire with sections on patient demographics, patient information leaflets impact on therapeutic education, and medication compliance, was administered to 400 ophthalmic review patients in three eye care facilities in Central Region of Ghana. Patient information leaflets (PILs) of common ophthalmic medications prescribed in these eye centers were also reviewed and assessed on their readability using the Rudolph Flesch’s readability ease calculator. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS version 19. Pearson’s Chi-square statistical analysis was used to test for significant association between variables. Results: Of the 400 ophthalmic patients, 140 (35%) were males and 260 (65%) females The mean age was 50.2 ± 19.5. Patients had varying opinion on the purpose for the PIL: 228 (57%) thought the PIL only gives instructions on the use of the medication; 108 (27%) did not know why the PIL have been provided. The remaining 64 (16%) provided no response. There was significant association between higher educational level and reading of the leaflet (P < 0.001). The kind of ophthalmic condition one suffered had a positive influence on reading the PIL ( X2=28.594, P < 0.001). A greater proportion of the patients (88.04%) said various components of information on the leaflet were beneficial in ensuring compliance to therapy. All the PILs from the five different companies (where medication were obtained for retail) had very low readability score (0-29) except some PILs of topical analgesic drug. The low readability score indicated that the text was difficult to comprehend; the reason for which most patients did not read the leaflets. Most patients 91(99%) who read the PILs indicated that they were beneficial but were difficult to understand. Conclusion: Ophthalmic patients’ opinion on patient information leaflets was reasonably good and had a positive influence on patients’ medication compliance. It however, did not have much influence on patient education due to low readability and comprehensible.