ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study is to define the structural patterns of gender roles of women as perceived by co-eds. METHOD: Q-methodology was used on 174 statements collected through interviews with women aged between 20 and 50. 38 Q-samples were selected from 330 Q-population. The Q-samples were administered to 29 co-eds. RESULT: Analysis of Q-type obtained by QUANAL program revealed three types of subjectivity in the perception of gender roles. Type 1, role is characterized by the tendency to play down the female gender role and think that women's body is an essential factor in forming the female gender role. Type 2, rejects motherhood image obedience and chastity dictated by male chauvinism. Type 3, shows a tendency to believe that female gender cannot be separated from maternity and that women's basic role is housekeeping. The three types were common in believing in self-development and equal rights through economical independence.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Gender Identity , Household Work , Human RightsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between total anti-oxidant capacity (TAOC)and lipid peroxidase (LPO)levels in serum and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: The study population consisted of 99 patients with SLE according to the 1982 revised ACR criteria and 83 healthy controls.The serum TAOC levels in 99 patients with SLE and 83 healthy controls by the ABTS(R) inhibition method (Randox Ltd,Antrim,UK)and serum malondialdehyde (MDA)levels in 37 out of 99 patients with SLE were measured.Anti-dsDNA antibody (anti-dsDNA),albumin,AST,ALT,cholesterol,uric acid and creatinine were mea-sured to determine the association with the serum TAOC levels.The correlation between the serum TAOC levels and nephritis in 27 cases with nephritis out of 99 SLE patients was also investigated.The SLE disease activity was determined by the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI)at the time of sample collection. RESULTS: Compared to the controls (1.37 +/- 0.127mmol/L),serum TAOC levels were significantly decreased (1.29 +/- 0.124mmol/L)in SLE patients (p=0.001). And there was a negative correlation between serum TAOC levels and SLEDAI total scores in the SLE patients (r=-0.388,p=0.0001),but no significant correlation between TAOC levels and C3 and anti-dsDNA.Further,a significant difference (p<0.04)in TAOC levels was found in SLE patients with and without nephritis.In comparison with other parameters such as AST,ALT,and cholesterol which might change anti-oxidant level,there was no correlation between the serum TAOC levels and them,except for serum uric acid (r=0.387, p=0.0001),creatinine,and albumin (r=0.507,p=0.0001).Additionally,we couldn't find significant correlation between the serum TAOC levels and MDA. CONCLUSIONS: The serum TAOC levels correlate significantly with SLE disease activity and are associated with nephritis.Also,this study showed a significant correlation with serum albumin levels in these patients.Conclusively,the measurement of the serum TAOC levels in patients with SLE will provide useful information on SLE disease activity.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cholesterol , Creatinine , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Malondialdehyde , Nephritis , Peroxidase , Serum Albumin , Uric AcidABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Aggressive chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation have a large demand for platelet concentrate and packed RBC transfusion. Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are an immunologically mediated reaction involving plasma in the recipient and the white blood cells in the donor. This study was performed to understand the role of cytokines and factors associated with febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction to transfused blood. METHODS: Samples were obtained from 42 transfused blood(36 packed RBC, 6 platelet concentrates). Initial WBC count, pH, LDH, irradiation, use of filter and storage time were checked. The serum levels of Interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta), Tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNFalpha) and Interleukin-6(IL-6) were measured by ELISA method using commercial kit for each cytokines. Transfusion reactions, including fever, were recorded in all cases. RESULTS: With the storage time of blood products longer in duration, the serum levels of IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-6 were significantly higher(P3000/mm3(P< 0.05). There was no relationship between cytokines and LDH, pH respectively. Febrile reaction was noted in 2.3%(1/42). CONCLUSION: Transfusion reactions are not always the result of an antigen-antibody reaction, but could be caused by the administration of large amounts of cytokines in the plasma. The longer storage times of blood products was associated with frequency of febrile transfusion reactions. We recommend fresh blood transfusion and reduction of WBC before storage because it abrogates cytokine accumulation and dramatically lowers the rate of febrile transfusion reaction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antigen-Antibody Reactions , Blood Group Incompatibility , Blood Platelets , Blood Transfusion , Bone Marrow Transplantation , Cytokines , Drug Therapy , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Fever , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Interleukin-6 , Leukocytes , Plasma , Tissue Donors , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Aggressive chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation have a large demand for platelet concentrate and packed RBC transfusion. Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions are an immunologically mediated reaction involving plasma in the recipient and the white blood cells in the donor. This study was performed to understand the role of cytokines and factors associated with febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction to transfused blood. METHODS: Samples were obtained from 42 transfused blood(36 packed RBC, 6 platelet concentrates). Initial WBC count, pH, LDH, irradiation, use of filter and storage time were checked. The serum levels of Interleukin-1beta(IL-1beta), Tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNFalpha) and Interleukin-6(IL-6) were measured by ELISA method using commercial kit for each cytokines. Transfusion reactions, including fever, were recorded in all cases. RESULTS: With the storage time of blood products longer in duration, the serum levels of IL-1beta, TNFalpha and IL-6 were significantly higher(P3000/mm3(P< 0.05). There was no relationship between cytokines and LDH, pH respectively. Febrile reaction was noted in 2.3%(1/42). CONCLUSION: Transfusion reactions are not always the result of an antigen-antibody reaction, but could be caused by the administration of large amounts of cytokines in the plasma. The longer storage times of blood products was associated with frequency of febrile transfusion reactions. We recommend fresh blood transfusion and reduction of WBC before storage because it abrogates cytokine accumulation and dramatically lowers the rate of febrile transfusion reaction.