Diferencias en la atención sostenida en jóvenes universitarios con distintos niveles de uso de smartphone / Differences in sustained attention in young university students with different levels of smartphone use

Resumen El uso constante de los dispositivos móviles está generando nuevos fenómenos de comportamiento. En años recientes, se ha puesto énfasis en los cambios cognitivos que se podrían generar en los jóvenes que hacen uso excesivo de estos dispositivos. El objetivo del trabajo fue conocer las diferencias en la atención sostenida en jóvenes universitarios asociadas a distintos niveles de uso del teléfono inteligente. Se obtuvo una muestra de 94 adultos, 34 hombres y 60 mujeres de 18 a 23 años (M = 19.34, DE = 1.09) alumnos de la escuela superior de Actopan, Hidalgo-México. Se aplicó la Escala de Dependencia y Adicción al Smartphone EDAS (Aranda-López et al., 2017) y una prueba computarizada de ejecución continua (CPT) Test of Atenttional Vigilance (TOAV; Mueller y Pipper, 2014). Se realizó un ANOVA de una vía, en el que la variable independiente fue el nivel de uso del teléfono inteligente (sin dependencia, dependencia y adicción) y la variable dependiente fueron las puntuaciones obtenidas en el TOAV. Se observó que existen diferencias significativas a nivel estadístico en lo relativo a errores de omisión de la segunda mitad de la prueba (p = .005); las diferencias fueron entre los grupos de sin dependencia-dependencia (p = .010) y sin dependencia-adicción (p = .024). Acorde a los hallazgos del presente estudio, existen diferencias en el proceso de atención sostenida entre usuarios con diferentes niveles de uso del teléfono inteligente; los estudiantes con niveles de dependencia y adicción enfrentan dificultades en la atención sostenida cuando la tarea se prolonga y aumenta la demanda cognitiva.

Abstract The constant use of mobile devices changed our lives dramatically during the past years and its usage increased over the years. Smartphone use is associated with isolation and interpersonal problems; its overuse can cause cognitive problems too (Matar Boumosleh & Jaalouk, 2017). Cognitive problems associated with smartphones in young people are reduction of sustained attention and working memory. Findings have been reported in which younger populations show deterioration in different components of care, highlighting the difficulty of walking and using the smartphone at the same time (Prupetkaew et al., 2019). It has been reported that the impulsivity associated with use of smartphone in silent mode interferes in memory tests unlike when it is in off mode in young populations (Canale et al., 2019). It is necessary to evaluate the effects of using a smartphone on young people because it is a population that uses it constantly to develop in work, academic, sports, and even socializing activities. The aim of this paper was to find out the differences in sustained attention in young university students with different levels of smartphone use. A sample of 94 adults, 34 men and 60 women between the ages of 18 and 23 (M = 19.34, SD = 1.09), who were students of the higher school of Actopan, Hidalgo-Mexico. The EDAS -Smartphone Dependency and Addiction Scale- was applied (Aranda-López et al., 2017). For the evaluation of attention, a Computerized Continuous Running Test (CPT), Test of Attentional Vigilance (TOAV) was applied using the Psychology Experimental Building Language PEBL-2 platform (Mueller & Pipper, 2014). The inclusion criteria were that the participants were between 18-23 years old, right-handed, with normal and/or corrected vision. They were excluded from the investigation if they had a history of psychiatric and/or neurological diseases, learning difficulties, chronic alcohol and/or drug use. A one-way ANOVA was performed, where the independent variable was the level of smartphone use (no dependence, dependence and addiction) and the dependent variable was the scores obtained in the TOAV. It was observed that there are statistically significant differences in the errors of omission of the second half of the test (p = .05), the differences were found between the groups of no dependence-dependence (p =.10) and without dependence-addiction (p = .24). The results showed that there are differences in the execution of a neuropsychological task, regarding the omission errors of the second part of the test. These differences could suggest that the level of sustained attention is diminished in the participants of the dependency and addiction group at the end of the task. On the other hand, it is also concluded that students with levels of dependence and smartphone addiction face attention difficulties when the task is longer and cognitive demand increases. This type of data must be analyzed taking into consideration variables such as sex, socioeconomic level, age, profile of use, quality of sleep, level of physical activity, among others.

Detección de hígado graso no alcohólico en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad / Detecting non-alcoholic fatty liver in children with owerweight and obesity

Introducción: la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) tiene graves implicaciones para la salud y, asociada a la epidemia de obesidad, es una tendencia creciente. Objetivo: detectar la presencia de hígado graso en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad, así como evaluar los factores asociados con una mayor posibilidad de presentar un resultado positivo en la detección. Metódos: se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal en una unidad médica del segundo nivel de atención médica en el que fueron reclutados 102 niños. Los niveles séricos de alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) fueron cuantificados y se realizaron ecografías hepáticas. Modelos de regresión logística múltiple fueron utilizados para evaluar los factores asociados con la presencia de EHGNA (infiltración grasa en la ecografía y ALT > 52U/L para niños y > 44 U/L para niñas). Resultados: la prevalencia de EHGNA fue del 10,8%. En el análisis multivariante, una relación entre cintura y cadera ≥ 1 se asoció con una mayor posibilidad de EHNGA (razón de momios (RM) = 4.96, IC del 95%: 1.17 - 20.90). Conclusiones: nuestros hallazgos indican que uno de cada diez niños sobrepeso y obesidad tiene datos sugestivos de EHGNA y está en riesgo de presentar sus consecuencias para la salud.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has serious health implications and upward trends of the disease, accompanied by the obesity epidemic worldwide. Objective: To screen for fatty liver in overweight and obese children and evaluate the factors associated with an increased likelihood of presenting a positive-screen result. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 102 children were recruited at a secondary care medical unit. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were quantified and hepatic ultrasounds were performed; multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with the increased odds of presenting with NAFLD (fatty infiltration on ultrasound and ALT > 52 U/L for boys and > 44 U/L for girls). Results: The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 10.8%. In multivariate analysis, a waist-to-hip ratio ≥ 1 was associated with increased odds of screening positive for NAFLD (odds ratio (OR) = 4.96, 95% CI 1.17-20.90). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that one out of ten children with overweight or obesity has data suggestive of NAFLD and is at risk of presenting its consequences on health.

Type-2 diabetes alters the basal phenotype of human macrophages and diminishes their capacity to respond, internalise, and control Mycobacterium tuberculosis

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for the development of tuberculosis (TB), although the associated mechanisms are not known. OBJECTIVES To study the association between T2D and the basal phenotype of macrophages, and their immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. METHODS We evaluated the influence of T2D on the response of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) to Mtb in patients with T2D (n = 10) compared to healthy subjects (n = 9), before and after infection with Mtb clinical isolates bearing different degrees of virulence. The levels of cell surface markers for activation secreted cytokines and chemokines, bacterial association, and intracellular bacterial growth were evaluated. FINDINGS The expression levels of HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 were low while those of of PD-L1 were high in uninfected MDMs derived from patients with diabetes; as a result of Mtb infection, changes were only observed in the expression levels of PD-L1. The levels of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12) and chemokines (e.g., MCP-1, MIG, and RANTES) are perturbed in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes, both before infection and in response to Mtb infection. In response to the more virulent Mtb strains, the levels of association and bacterial clearance were diminished in MDMs derived from patients with diabetes. CONCLUSIONS T2D affects the basal activation state of the macrophages and its capacity to respond and control Mtb infection.

Dieta cetogénica / Ketogenic diet

Históricamente se describió al ayuno como tratamiento de la epilepsia. La dieta cetogénica (DC), es alta enlípidos, baja en proteínas y en hidratos de carbono, es decir, se invierte el cociente normal con la finalidad deproducir y mantener un estado de cetosis. La DC debe producir cuerpos cetónicos debido a la oxidación incompleta de los lípidos. Casi todos los estudios han logrado establecer una asociación entre cetonemia yeficacia anticonvulsiva. Mientras muchos estudios han sugerido que la cetosis persistente es esencial para laprotección anticonvulsiva de la DC, otros han propuesto que la restricción de glucosa es la clave. Los PUFAs, se cree que actúan a nivel cardíaco sobre los canales de sodio y calcio, encuentros similares se han descrito en tejido neuronal.

Historically described fasting as a treatment for epilepsy. The ketogenic diet (KD), is high in fat, low inprotein and carbohydrates, that is, the normal ratio is reversed in order to produce and maintain a state ofHistorically described fasting as a treatment forepilepsy. The ketogenic diet (KD), is high in fat, low inprotein and carbohydrates, that is, the normal ratio isreversed in order to produce and maintain a state ofketosis. The KD should produce ketone bodies due tothe incomplete oxidation of lipids. Almost all studieshave established an association between ketonemia andanticonvulsant efficacy. While many studies havesuggested that persistent ketosis is essential for theprotection of the KD anticonvulsant, others haveproposed that glucose restriction is the key. ThePUFAs, are thought to act at the heart of the sodium andcalcium channels, similar events have been describedin neuronal tissue.

Nutrición enteral: primera parte / Enteral nutrition: first part

La nutrición enteral comprende todas las formas de soporte nutricional que implican el empleo de alimentación para propósitos médicos especiales, independientemente de la vía de alimentación, por vía oral o por sonda de alimentación. Debe ser considerada en pacientes con tracto gastrointestinal funcional que requieren apoyo nutricio. Las contraindicaciones son isquemia gastrointestinal, enterocolitis necrosante, íleo paralítico, megacolon tóxico, vómito o diarrea intratable, íleo paralítico, peritonitis difusa, sangrado de tubo digestivo grave y obstrucción intestinal. Las ventajas incluyen, aún cuando sea estimulación, la preservación de la función gastrointestinal, riesgo disminuido de infección y anormalidades metabólicas, atenuación de la respuesta catabólica, aumento de los sistemas antioxidantes, imita la nutrición humana estándar, reducción del tiempo de estancia hospitalaria, limitada traslocación bacteriana, disminuye la frecuencia de sepsis y falla orgánica múltiple, menor costo, fácil manejo y seguridad. Entre las fórmulas de alimentación se encuentran estándar, poliméricas o con proteínas intactas, hidrolizadas o basadas en péptidos, con aminoácidos libres o elementales, poliméricas artesanales, específicas para enfermedades, y modulares.

Enteral nutrition encompasses all forms of nutritional support involving the use of food for special medical purposes, regardless of route of feeding, orally or by feeding tube. It should be considered in patients with functional gastrointestinal tract who require nutritional support. The benefits include stimulation even when the preservation of gastrointestinal function, decreased risk of infection and metabolic abnormalities, catabolic response attenuation, increased antioxidant systems, mimics the standard human nutrition, reduced hospital stay, limited bacterial translocation, decreases the frequency of sepsis and multiple organ failure, lower cost, easy handling and safety. Among the feeding formulas are standard, polymeric or intact proteins, hydrolyzed or based on peptides, free amino acid or elemental, polymeric craft specific diseases, and modular.