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1.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 82(6): 963-966, dic. 2022. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1422095

ABSTRACT

Resumen Los tumores de células claras "de azúcar" (CCTL) son lesiones benignas muy infrecuentes. Forman parte de un grupo de neoplasias mesenquimales denominadas PEComas que se originan de las células epiteloides perivasculares. Por su rico estroma vascular, suelen tener avidez por los distintos tipos de contrastes utilizados en los estudios de diagnóstico por imágenes, simulando lesiones de estirpe maligna. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 66 años con hallazgo de un nódulo pulmonar durante la estadificación oncológica por adenocarcinoma de próstata al que se le realizó una segmentectomía pulmonar anatómica. El resultado definitivo de anatomía patológica fue tumor de células epiteloides perivasculares (PEComa pulmonar o tumor de células claras "de azúcar").


Abstract Clear cell ''sugar'' tumor of the lung is a rare benign tumor arising from perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs). They belong to a group of mesenchymal neoplasms called PEComas. Although widely presumed as benign, due to their rich vascular stroma they are usually avid for the different types of contrast agents used in imaging studies, mimicking a malignant lesion. We report the case of a 66-year-old man in whom a solitary pul monary nodule was discovered during oncological staging for an adenocarcinoma of the prostate who underwent an anatomical pulmonary segmentectomy. The final pathology result was a perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (pulmonary PEComa or clear "sugar" cell tumor).

2.
Medicina (B.Aires) ; 80(1): 39-47, feb. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1125036

ABSTRACT

El tejido paratiroideo ectópico es una causa frecuente de recurrencia del hiperparatiroidismo (HPT) siendo de 16% en primarios y 14% en secundarios. La localización intratorácica representa el 20-35%, pero solo un 2% requiere una cirugía torácica. El objetivo fue analizar una cohorte de pacientes con diagnóstico de HPT mediastinal operados en un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de todos los operados por HPT entre enero de 2006 y julio 2019 en ese hospital. Se incluyeron aquellos que requirieron acceso torácico por HPT ectópico. En este período se trataron 728 pacientes con HPT primario y secundario. Seis con primario y 3 con secundario requirieron cirugía torácica. Se realizaron 6 videotoracoscopias (VATS) y 3 esternotomías, sin complicaciones graves. Se utilizó biopsia por congelación en todos y dosaje de paratohormona intraoperatoria (PTHi) en 8 casos, que descendió en promedio 65% respecto al valor basal. Se confirmaron 5 adenomas y 4 hiperplasias. La enfermedad paratiroi dea mediastinal representó el 1.65% (12/728), mientras que recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico en nuestra institución 1.24% (9/728). La biopsia por congelación y el descenso de PTHi resultan útiles para confirmar el foco y eventualmente disminuir el riesgo de recurrencia. La VATS es segura pero depende del entrenamiento y de la disponibilidad en el medio asistencial. Si bien el sestamibi es el método con mayor sensibilidad, se propone el uso de 18F-colina PET/TC ante la sospecha de HPT ectópico. La posibilidad de obtener conclusiones basadas en la evidencia requiere de estudios con mayor número de pacientes.


The ectopic parathyroid tissue is a frequent cause of recurrent hyperparathyroidism (HPT), accounting 16% in primary HPT and 14% in secondary cases. Although intrathoracic ectopic glands represent 25-35% of all ectopic cases, only 2% requires thoracic surgery. The aim of this study is to report a case series of patients with ectopic mediastinal HPT treated by thoracic approach in a private institution in Argentina. This is a retrospective analysis from January 2006 to June 2019. All patients diagnosed with ectopic hyperparathyroidism who required a thoracic surgical approach were included. During this period, 728 patients with primary HPT and secondary HPT were treated. Six with primary HPT and 3 with secondary HPT required a thoracic approach. Six video-assisted thoracoscopy surgeries (VATS) and 3 sternotomies were performed. None of them presented serious posoperative complications. Frozen section biopsy was used in all cases. iPTH was measured in 8 cases, with a mean drop of 65% after 15 minutes. Final pathology reports confirmed 5 adenomas and 4 hyperplasias. Our case series reported an incidence of 1.65% (12/728) mediastinal parathyroids, while 1.24% (9/728) received surgical treatment at our institution. Intraoperative frozen section and PTHi are useful to confirm the diagnosis and to avoid recurrences. Although VATS is a safe and efficient treatment option, it depends on surgical training and availability. In terms of diagnostic imaging resources, sestamibi remains the current gold standard. However, 18F-choline PET/CT may arise as a new diagnostic tool. The possibility of obtaining evidence-based conclusions requires studies with higher number of patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Parathyroid Glands/pathology , Hyperparathyroidism/pathology , Argentina/epidemiology , Recurrence , Biopsy , Retrospective Studies , Sex Distribution , Age Distribution , Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography , Hyperparathyroidism/therapy , Hyperparathyroidism/epidemiology
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(8): 977-982, ago. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058632

ABSTRACT

Background: A successful colonoscopy depends, among other factors, on a proper colon cleansing. This variable also affects the acceptance of the patient to carry out the study. Aim: To analyze the efficacy and tolerability of a low volume polyethylene glycol formulation (2 liters), compared to the conventional presentation of 4 liters. Material and Methods: Patients referred for a colonoscopy were randomly divided to receive either two or four liter of polyethylene glycol as bowel cleansing, which was assessed using the Boston score. Raters of the latter were blinded to the volume of polyethylene glycol that the patients used. Results: Seventy-four patients participated in the study. Subjects who received a 4 liters preparation had an average Boston score of 7.78, versus 8.16 for patients who received a volume of 2 liters (p = 0.267). No significant differences in tolerability were observed between both groups. No significant differences in the efficacy and tolerability between a conventional or a reduced volume of polyethylene glycol solution for the preparation of a colonoscopy were observed. These findings may be especially important for subgroups of patients with difficulties for oral administration of fluids.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Polyethylene Glycols/administration & dosage , Cathartics/administration & dosage , Colonoscopy/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Statistics, Nonparametric , Drug Tolerance
4.
Cienc. Trab ; 19(59): 113-119, ago. 2017. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-890079

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La conducción de taxis es una actividad potencialmente insalubre debido a las condiciones laborales que caracterizan la tarea, como la informalidad o la exposición a diferentes fuentes de riesgos para la salud. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aportar información sobre las condiciones laborales, el estado de salud, los hábitos y las estrategias de afrontamiento de los conductores. En el estudio par ticiparon 421 conductores de taxi. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de un cuestionario de auto-informe. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos sobre los diferentes aspectos estudiados. Los resultados indicaron que la jornada laboral típica era de 10 o 12 horas, que el riesgo de participar en un siniestro o de ser asaltado durante la jornada laboral era elevado, que los problemas de salud física y emocional más prevalentes eran dolores músculo-esqueléticos, mal humor e irritabilidad, sensación de cansancio y ansiedad, que los hábitos alimenticios eran poco saludables y bajos los niveles de actividad física, y que las estrategias de afrontamiento típicas eran de carácter paliativo e individual. El artículo aporta datos con una población latinoamericana, una región en la que no se ha generado mucha evidencia empírica sobre el problema. Se brindan recomen daciones para posibles intervenciones preventivas.


ABSTRACT Taxi driving is a potentially unhealthy activity due to working conditions such as piecework or the exposure to different sources of health risk. Some of the typical problems in the industry have been widely studied (e.g. car crashes) while others have received less attention (e.g. coping strategies). Moreover, most of the research comes from Anglo-Saxon, European or Eastern coutries. Much less is known about the problem in Latin America. The aim of the present paper was to study working condi tions and health status in taxi drivers from a Latinamerican country. The study include different aspects of the problem that have been previously studied separately. Participants were 42 taxi drivers, mostly male. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Participants gave information about their working conditions, health status, healthy and unhealthy habits, and coping strategies. Results indicated that the typical working day of a taxi driver ranges from 10 to 12 hours; that drivers have an elevated risk of being involved in a car crash or an assault; that the most prevalent physical or emotional problems are musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, bad mood, irritability, anxiety, and sleep disorders; that unhealthy eating habit and low levels of pshysical activity prevail; and that coping strategies are mainly palliative and individual. Finally, some recommendations for the development of preventive actions are given.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Automobile Driving/psychology , Working Conditions , Occupational Health , Occupational Risks , Adaptation, Psychological , Health Behavior , Health Status , Surveys and Questionnaires , Feeding Behavior , Habits , Job Satisfaction , Latin America
5.
Aval. psicol ; 16(3): 328-337, 2017. tab, il
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-910370

ABSTRACT

Este trabajo analiza algunas propiedades psicométricas de una tarea estimativa de la trayectoria de objetos móviles. Este tipo de tarea suele utilizarse como parte de las baterías de evaluación de conductores en muchos países, pero son escasas las evidencias disponibles sobre validez. Sesenta participantes (treinta conductores profesionales y treinta de población general) completaron la prueba en dos ocasiones. Los resultados fueron positivos en algunos aspectos (e.g., consistencia interna), pero también muestran la necesidad de realizar algunos cambios y mejorías. Se requieren más estudios que ofrezcan evidencias externas de validez para este tipo de tarea. (AU)


Este trabalho analisa algumas propriedades psicométricas de uma tarefa na estimativa da trajetória de objetos móveis. Esse tipo de tarefa costuma ser utilizado como parte das baterias na avaliação de condutores em muitos países, mas são escassas as evidências disponíveis sobre a validade. Sessenta participantes (30 condutores profissionais e 30 da população geral) completaram a prova em duas ocasiões. Os resultados foram positivos em alguns aspectos (e.g., consistência interna), mas também mostram a necessidade de realizar mudanças e melhorias na prova. Requer-se mais estudos que ofereçam evidências externas que dê validade para esse tipo de tarefa. (AU)


This study analyzes some psychometric properties of a Time-to-contact and Collision Estimation Task. This type of measure is often used as part of driver testing in many countries. However, available evidences of validity are scarce. Sixty participants (split evenly between professional drivers and general population) completed the task on two occasions. The results were positive in some respects (e.g., internal consistency), but also show the need for changes and improvements in the task design. Further studies are needed to support the use of this type of measures. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Attention , Automobile Driver Examination/psychology , Automobile Driving/psychology , Reaction Time , Reproducibility of Results
6.
Salud colect ; 12(1): 85-95, ene.-mar. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-778603

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Los siniestros viales que involucran a motociclistas conforman un problema creciente en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. La medida de protección por excelencia en estos usuarios viales es el casco. Sin embargo, una proporción considerable de motociclistas no lo usa. El objetivo de este trabajo es informar la evolución del uso de casco durante el periodo 2006-2014 en una ciudad de Argentina, y conocer los factores asociados durante el año 2014. La muestra incluye más de 6.900 observaciones de motociclistas, registradas en los años 2006 (n=962), 2008 (n=977), 2012 (n=2.542) y 2014 (n=2.466). Los datos indican un aumento progresivo del uso de casco a través del tiempo, aunque se sostienen las diferencias por género y función. Los factores asociados al uso de casco en conductores durante el año 2014 fueron el uso en pasajeros, el tipo de moto, la presencia de patente y el género. Aunque los resultados son positivos, conviene alertar sobre las consecuencias negativas del aumento del parque de motos.


ABSTRACT Traffic collisions involving motorcyclists are a growing problem in low and middle income countries. Helmet use is the foremost protective measure for this group of road users, however many riders do not wear them. The objective of the present study is to report the changes in helmet use during the period 2006-2014 in an Argentine city and discover associated factors for the year 2014. The sample includes more than 6,900 observations of motorcyclists carried out during the years 2006 (n=962), 2008 (n=977), 2012 (n=2,542), and 2014 (n=2,466). The data indicates a progressive increase in helmet use over time, but differences due to gender and type of rider remain. Factors associated to helmet use in motorcycle drivers during 2014 were: passenger helmet use, motorcycle type, license plate use and gender. Although the results are positive, it is necessary to be attentive to the negative consequences of the growing fleet of motorcycles.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Motorcycles , Accidents, Traffic , Head Protective Devices , Urban Population , Prevalence , Cities
7.
Psicol. esc. educ ; 19(2): 387-395, maio-ago. 2015.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-761072

ABSTRACT

La motorización creciente de los desplazamientos ha convertido al ambiente urbano en un lugar cada vez más hostil para los niños y niñas, quienes se encuentran entre los grupos humanos más vulnerables del tránsito. En esta etapa del desarrollo, la educación puede ser una herramienta clave para prevenir comportamientos de riesgo y promocionar hábitos de movilidad más saludables. El presente trabajo discute algunos aspectos relacionados con la educación vial en la infancia. Se destaca la importancia de considerar los patrones de movilidad típicos de cada edad, y de promover el uso de medios de transporte más saludables, equitativos y sustentables. Se señala además la necesidad de complementar las acciones educativas con intervenciones multi-sectoriales a diferente nivel.


A crescente motorização e os deslocamentos têm transformado o meio ambiente urbano num lugar cada vez mais hostil para as crianças, que se encontram entre os usuários mais vulneráveis do trânsito. Nessa etapa do desenvolvimento, a educação pode ser uma ferramenta chave para prevenir o comportamento de risco e promover hábitos de mobilidade mais saudáveis. O presente trabalho discute alguns aspectos relacionados à educação infantil no trânsito (nas ruas). Destaca-se a importância de considerar os padrões de mobilidade típicos de cada idade e de promover o uso dos meios de transportes mais saudáveis, equitativos e sustentáveis. Além disso, assinala-se a necessidade na complementação das ações educativas com intervenções multi-setoriais em diferentes níveis.


The increasing motorization of mobility has turned urban environment in a complex and dangerous place for children. As a consequence they are one of the most vulnerable groups of traffic users. In this stage of development, education could be a key tool for preventing risky behaviour and promoting more healthy mobility habits. The present study discusses some aspects related to children traffic education. The necessity of taking into account the patterns of mobility in different developmental stages is highlighted. Also the relevance of promote the use of health, sustainable and equitable means of transport. The complexity of the problem requires that educational interventions are complemented with multisectoral actions at different levels.


Subject(s)
Humans , Accidents, Traffic , Child , Education
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 30(2): 156-161, abr. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-673997

ABSTRACT

Introduction: The development of malignancies is a problem associated with HIV infection. The incidence and spectrum of malignancies has been modified with the addition of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Aim: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and prognosis of HIV patients who have developed a malignancy. Methods: Retrospective observational study was conducted in HIV + patients who developed a malignancy between 1993-2010 in a referral hospital. AIDS-defining malignancies (ADN) and non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADN) were compared. Results: 125 patients were identified with at least one malignancy. The most frequent malignancies were: non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n; 39; 30.2%), Kaposi's sarcoma (n: 20; 15.5%), Hodgkin's disease (n: 11; 8.8%), lung cancer (n: 20; 15.5%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (n: 9; 6.9 %). The mean age was 42 ± 11 years, 84% male, 55.8% were coinfected with HBV and or HCV. The risk behaviors were: 45.6% intravenous drug users, 16.8% men who have sex with men and 20% heterosexuals). There were 67 (52%) NADN and 62 (48%) ADN; NADN patients had a longer story of HIV infection and longer exposure to HAART, better level of immunodeficiency and better virological control than ADN patients. Four patients developed a second malignancy. Overall survival was 34.7%. Conclusions: We found an increased incidence of NADN, appearing in patients with better virological and immunological control than ADN group. Mortality of patients with HIV infection and malignancy is still very high.


Introducción: Uno de los problemas asociados a la infección por VIH es el desarrollo de neoplasias. La incidencia y espectro de los distintos cánceres se ha visto modificada con la incorporación del tratamiento anti-retroviral de gran actividad (TARGA). El objetivo del presente estudio es describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas y el pronóstico de pacientes infectados con VIH que han desarrollado una neoplasia. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes con infección por VIH que desarrollaron algún cáncer en el periodo comprendido entre 1993-2010 en un hospital de referencia. Se compararon las variables entre los casos de neoplasias definitorias de SIDA (NDS) y no definitorios de SIDA (NNDS). Resultados: Se identificaron 125 pacientes con al menos una neoplasia. Los cánceres más frecuentes fueron: linfoma no Hodgkin (n: 39; 30,2%), sarcoma de Kaposi (n: 20; 15,5%), enfermedad de Hodgkin (n: 11; 8,8%), neoplasia pulmón (n: 20; 16%) y hepatocarcinoma (n: 9; 6,9 %). La edad media fue 42 ± 11 años, 84% varones, 55,8% estaban co-infectados por VHB y/o VHC. Las conductas de riesgo fueron: 45,6% usuarios de drogas vía parenteral, 16,8% hombres con relaciones sexuales con hombres y 20% heterosexuales. Se encontraron 67 NNDS (52%) y 62 (48%) NDS; los pacientes con NNDS presentaron mayor tiempo de evolución de la infección por VIH y de exposición a TARGA, mayor recuento de CD4 y mejor control virológico que los del grupo de NDS. Desarrollaron un segundo tumor cuatro pacientes. La supervivencia global fue de 34,7%. Conclusiones: Se constata un aumento en la incidencia de NNDS, que se presentan en pacientes con mejor control virológico e in-munológico que los NDS. La mortalidad de los pacientes con infección por VIH y enfermedad tumoral continúa siendo muy elevada.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , HIV Infections/complications , Neoplasms/etiology , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Cohort Studies , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Neoplasms/epidemiology , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Survival Analysis , Spain/epidemiology
9.
Interdisciplinaria ; 24(2): 137-159, ago.-dic. 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-633429

ABSTRACT

La comprensión del mundo del dinero y de los mecanismos de crédito y ahorro constituyen prerrequisitos indispensables para el desarrollo de conductas económicas racionales y para evitar niveles excesivos de endeudamiento. En este marco es indispensable que los jóvenes adolescentes adquieran una alfabetización económica y una alfabetización financiera que los preparen para su inserción en el mundo del trabajo y la toma de decisiones económicas. El propósito de este trabajo, desarrollado en el ámbito de la Psicología Económica y a partir de un marco cognitivo / evolutivo, es describir el proceso de desarrollo de la comprensión del funcionamiento bancario en adolescentes chilenos. Los participantes fueron 159 adolescentes escolarizados de 14 a 18 años, balanceados por sexo, pertenecientes a los niveles socioeconómicos alto, medio y bajo y residentes tanto de ciudades multifinancieras, como de ciudades con funcionamiento financiero limitado. Como instrumento de recolección de datos se utilizó una entrevista clínica piagetiana que interrogaba a los jóvenes acerca de las funciones del banco, la forma de acceder a créditos, el ahorro y la relación entre tasas de interés, crédito y ahorro. Los resultados indicaron mayores niveles de comprensión en los sujetos pertenecientes a niveles socioeconómicos medio y alto, residentes en ciudades multifinancieras, y una pobre comprensión en los jóvenes de nivel socioeconómico bajo, residentes en ciudades con sistema financiero limitado. Se discuten estos resultados considerando la creciente complejidad que el mercado impone a las personas como producto de la globalización y la necesidad de líneas educativas en el ámbito financiero y de educación para el consumo en la enseñanza formal de los niños y jóvenes.


The understanding of the world of money and the mechanisms of credit and saving constitute prerequirements indispensable for the development of rational economic behaviours and to avoid excessive levels of indebtedness, this problem moreover being considered urgent in expanding economies. In this frame it is crucial that the adolescents acquire an economic and financial literacy that prepares them for their insertion in the world of work and economic decision making. Economic literacy refers to the acquisition, done by children, adolescents and adults, of knowledge, beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviours related to the use of money, the consumption of goods and services, and the performance in the daily economic world. Economic literacy requires a personal financial literacy defined as the ability to read, to analyze, to understand, to handle and to communicate personal financial situations that affect personal finances and the capacity to make financial decisions considering the variables existing in the economic context. The intention of this research, developed from an Economic Psychology approach, was to describe the development process of the understanding of banking operation in Chilean adolescents. Participants were 159 teenagers enrolled in school with an age range from 14 to 18 years old, balanced by sex and belonging to socioeconomic high, average and low levels, which were divided in two subsamples according to if they were residents of multifinancial cities or financially limited functioning cities. As the data collection instrument, a piagetian clinical interview was used to interrogate the young people about the functions of a bank, the form to accede to credits, savings and the relation between interest rates, credit and saving. The results indicate greater levels of understanding in subjects belonging to average and high socioeconomic levels and residents of multifinancial cities, and a poor understanding in the young people of low socioeconomic level who reside in cities with a limited financial system. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of information, indicate that there is a general agreement between the present results and those obtained in previous studies with adolescents in other cultural contexts. One can observe that although an important percentage of subjects have a suitable general understanding of the rules of banking operation, there still is an important number of adolescents who do not obtain this understanding or obtain it only partially. Even in advanced understanding subjects, there is a persistence of difficulties in the ability to relate the action and impact of diverse economic variables (for example, interest rates, internal economic situation of the country, inflation and global economic context variables), which denotes, on the one hand, an insufficient baggage of specific economic knowledge and on the other, the difficulty to think about systems. It is important to consider the influence of the social, cultural and economic context in the comprehension of the function of the bank as a financial intermediary and in the development of consumer behavior. The lack of economic literacy found in the sample indicates the urgent task of preparing our young people for the comprehension of and efficient performance in the economic world, providing them with the information and strategies necessary for decision making as consumers and plaintiffs of financial resources, as a way of contributing to a fairer society and an equitable development. For this purpose, the incorporation of general economic literacy and specifically a suitable financial literacy in the formal education is very relevant.

10.
Rev. Fac. Odontol. Univ. Valparaiso ; 2(4): 303-6, oct. 2000. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-285704

ABSTRACT

El raquitismo hipofosfatémico es una alteración metabólica transmitida genéticamente (ligada al cromosoma X) en donde disminuye la reabsorción de fosfato en el túbulo proximal. Esta enfermedad se manifiesta con defectos en la mineralización de los tejidos esquelético y dentario. El caso clínico presentado en este artículo corresponde a un niño de 8 años de edad con eta alteración en la que se observan deformidades en las extremidades inferiores (piernas arqueadas), disminución de su talla y bucalmente en los tejidos blandos, se aprecia gingivitis generalizada y sondajes periodontales no mayores de 2 mm. En el aspecto dentario existe una relación molar en clase II de Angle, con pérdida prematura de los molares temporales y por consecuencia, erupción prematura de los premolares permanentes. Debido a la asociación con la deficiente formación dentaria y la historia familiar, podríamos suponer una asociación entre raquitismo hipofosfatémico y las periodontitis de inicio precoz


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Hypophosphatemia, Familial/complications , Hypophosphatemia, Familial/diagnosis , Jaw Diseases/etiology , Tooth Abnormalities/etiology , Musculoskeletal Abnormalities/etiology , Musculoskeletal Abnormalities/genetics , Chile , Limb Deformities, Congenital/etiology , Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics , Hypophosphatasia/diagnosis , Hypophosphatasia/etiology , Malocclusion, Angle Class II/etiology , Patient Care Team , Tooth Loss/etiology
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