ABSTRACT
Background The mitral annulus (MA) is a crucial structure that is in constant motion throughout the cardiac cycle. The main purpose of this study was to determine if M-mode evaluation of the longitudinal motion of the MA could be useful to examine atrio-ventricular interactions. Methods Echocardiographic data obtained from 150 patients (mean age 56 ± 16; 82 males) from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine was evaluated to examine if any relationship exists between MA motion and measures of atrio-ventricular interactions. Results Even though left atrial size, left ventricular (LV) mass index, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and degree of LV diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) were significant echocardiographic variables affecting MA motion; LVEF and the degree of LVDD were the main determinants of MA excursion during systole (MAPSE) and after atrial contraction (MAa). Our results confirm the surrogate value of MAPSE with regards to LVEF and also show that the extent of MA excursion during systole is the main determinant of MAa. The effect of LV diastolic function applies more strongly to MAPSE than to MAa. However, the maximal MAa amplitude varies in accordance to the type of LVDD. Conclusions We have shown for the first time that M-mode interrogation of the MA longitudinal motion appears useful to assess atrio-ventricular interactions. Since LV systolic and diastolic functions are so closely related; additional studies are now required to examine how this longitudinal measure correlates with known circumferential rotational data obtained with other imaging modalities.
ABSTRACT
In this retrospective study 420 echocardiograms from a single center were reviewed showing that TAPSE was acquired in 66% while TA TDI s’ signals were recorded in 98% of all echocardiograms. Based on these results greater efforts are required to standardize acquisition and reporting of objective measurements of RV function.
ABSTRACT
The course of patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV and refractory heart failure symptoms is characterized by progressive clinical deterioration and frequent hospital readmissions. The value of intermittent intravenous administration of inotropes in managing this group of patients in the outpatient setting has been controversial. In this study, patients with refractory heart failure symptoms were enrolled to assess the impact of a multidisciplinary outpatient program in terms of on hospital admissions, emergency room visits, and interval free of symptoms after administration of inotropes. This is a retrospective analysis on 41 patients with refractory heartfailure treated at our outpatient cardiac infusion unit over a 20 month period. Thirteen patients with a NYHA class III [age 64 +/- 13; LVEF 27 +/- 9 percent] and 28 patients with a NYHA class IV [age 65 +/- 13 years; LVEF 21 +/- 9 percent], mostly males, were included. A total of 65 admissions for decompensated HF were recorded in the previous 6-months prior to initiation of the outpatient program; compared to only 4 emergency room visits and 7 hospital admissions after enrollment. Furthermore, 17 patients have been discharged with improvement in NYHA class from 3.5 +/ 0.6 to 1.4 +/- 0.5. On these patients, the interval free of symptoms since the last infusion treatment has ranged from 201 to 489 days, without emergency room visits or hospital admissions for congestive heart failure. The results of this study support the use of intermittent infusion of inotropes in the outpatient setting. Although the natural history for patients with refractory heart failure has been grim; the use of these intermittent infusions may in fact alter the natural course of end stage congestive heart failure patients and deserves further investigation.