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Objective@#To understand the current situation of psychological and behavioral development of Tibetan children aged 0-5 years in Tibet, and to provide basic data for analyzing the relationship between stunning and children s psychological and behavioral development.@*Methods@#A total of 2 788 Tibetan children aged 0-71 months were randomly selected from seven districts and counties in Tibet from September to November 2020 by stratified PPS method and cluster sampling method for questionnaire survey and physical examination. Multivariate Logistic model was used to analyze the effect of stunting on psychological and behavioral development.@*Results@#The detection rate of psychological and behavioral development deviation of Tibetan children aged 0-5 years in Tibet was 24.68%, among which the detection rates of development deviation in language, gross motor skill, fine motor skill, and social emotional were 8.07%, 9.15%, 12.02% and 12.73%, respectively. After adjusting for potential mixed factors, the OR value (95% CI ) of the risk of psychological and behavioral development deviation of stunted children was 1.34(1.05-1.70). There was positive association with the three dimensions of language, fine motor skill, and social [ OR value (95% CI ) was 1.44(1.01-2.05 ), 1.50(1.06-2.12) and 1.54(1.14-2.07)], respectively. Subgroup analysis showed significant differences in age (0-35 months old: OR =1.16, 95% CI =0.88-1.53; 36-71 months old: OR =2.28, 95% CI =1.44-3.62) and gender (boys: OR =1.69, 95% CI =1.23-2.32; girls: OR =0.98, 95% CI =0.67-1.42) in the association between stunting and psychological and behavioral development.@*Conclusion@#The detection rate of psychological and behavioral development deviation of 0-5 year old Tibetan children is high. Stunting is associated with the risk of psychological and behavioral development. Early screening and comprehensive intervention of children s nutritional and neurodevelopmental should be carried out, especially among older age boys.
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Objective@#To compare the disinfection effects of 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant and 3% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant applied to the threaded plastic hose at the fixed end of the saliva suction pipe of the oral comprehensive treatment table after diagnosis and treatment of patients in stomatology to provide a basis for clinical cleaning and disinfection.@* Methods @#The fixed ends of saliva suction pipes of 12 comprehensive treatment tables in the dental pulp department and maxillofacial surgery were selected as the research objects. The absorption was randomly divided into two groups and a control group: experimental group 1 with 500 mg/L chlorine disinfectants and experiment 2 group with 3% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant rinse disinfection and the control group with 0.9% sterile saline flushing pipe once a week for four weeks. Before and after washing and disinfection, samples from the inner wall of the threaded plastic hose interface were collected for bacterial culture and colony count, and colony counts within and between groups were compared before and after disinfection. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 24.0 software.@*Results@#The baseline number of bacterial colonies in the first three groups was balanced, with no statistically significant difference (χ2 = 0.538, P = 0.764). The number of bacterial colonies after washing and disinfection was lower than that before washing and disinfection. The difference between 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant and 3% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant before and after disinfection was highly significant (Z = -4.801, P<0.001; Z = -4.429, P<0.001). There was no significant difference between the disinfection effect of 500 mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant and 3% hydrogen peroxide disinfectant, but they were both better than the control group (χ2 = 18.070, P<0.001).@*Conclusion@#Disinfecting the saliva suction pipe with disinfectant between diagnosis and treatment can effectively reduce the bacterial contamination at the fixed end threaded plastic hose interface of the saliva suction pipe. The disinfection method is simple and convenient, and it is worth applying in the oral clinic.
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Objective @# To investigate the oral health behavior of urban and rural students in the 12~15 year age group in Guangdong Province, aiming to provide informational support for adolescent oral health care.@*Methods @#A multistage stratified sampling method with equal capacity and simple random sampling was applied to obtain representative samples. A total of 7 680 students aged 12 to 15 were selected from Guangdong Province, with 1 920 in each age group of 12, 13, 14 and 15 years; half were male and half were female, and half were from urban areas and half were from rural areas. According to the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiology Questionnaire Survey Program, a standard questionnaire was designed to conduct on-the-spot investigations on sugar intake, brushing, dental floss usage, fluoride toothpaste usage.@*Results @#① Eating before a meal and before bed: the proportion of sweet snacks, sweet drinks and sugary drinks consumed ≥2 times/day was higher in the rural group than in the urban group (P < 0.001), with only sugary drinks consumed significantly differently by age (P < 0.001). ② The rural group had a significantly lower proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day, flossing habits and fluoride toothpaste habits than the urban @*Conclusions@#Among the students aged 12 to 15 in Guangdong Province, the rural group had a higher proportion of consuming desserts, sweet drinks and sweetened drinks. The proportion of brushing ≥ 2 times/day was lower, and the usage rate of floss and fluoride toothpaste was lower.
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Obiective@#To investigate the current status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch of people aged 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃ 74 in Guangdong province.@*Methods@#An equal⁃ sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to select a total of 288 Guangdong residents in urban and rural areas, and the subjects were between the age of 35⁃44, 55⁃64 and 65⁃74, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch were assessed according to the Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey. @*Results@#88.89% subjects in the 35⁃44 year group had more than 28 teeth and 100% subjects had more than 20 teeth, with an average of 29.88 teeth remaining and no edentulous jaw. The average remaining teeth was 26.06 in the group of 55 ⁃ 64 year, with 87.50% subjects having more than 20 teeth, 59.03% subjects having 28 or more teeth, 4.16% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch, and 1.04% subjects having both edentulous jaw arch. 73.96% and 35.07% subjects in the group of 65⁃74 year had 20 above or 28 above remaining teeth, respectively, and the average teeth was 22.94. There were 8.34% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch and 1.39% subjects having both edentulous jaws. In the 35⁃44 and 65⁃74 year group, the prevalence of missing teeth in the female was significantly higher than the male (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between urban and rural areas (P > 0.05). More remaining teeth were noticed in current survey (2015) when compared to the data in 2005 (P < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#The 35⁃44 year people have few lost teeth, and over half of the elderly people have several lost teeth. Elderly people with edentulous arch are very few.
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Objective @# To investigate the current status of gingival bleeding and dental calculus in the 12- to 74-year old population in Guangdong Province with the aim of providing information to support oral health care.@*Methods @# A stratified, multistage, random sampling design was used to obtain 7 provincially representative sample groups consisting of 8, 544 Guangdong residents aged 12, 13, 14, 15, 35-44, 55-64 and 65-74 years old with a 50/50 gender ratio. The status of gingival bleeding and dental calculus in the whole mouth was assessed according to the Guidelines of the Fourth National Oral Health Survey using a CPI probe. The resulting data were analyzed using the SAS9.2 package. @*Results @#The prevalence of gingival bleeding in residents aged 12, 13, 14, 15, 35-44, 55-64 and 65-74 years old was 43.75%, 42.76%, 49.06%, 39.38%, 81.94%, 90.97%, and 84.03%, respectively, while the average number of teeth with gingival bleeding per person was 1.95, 2.07, 2.59, 2.39, 9.62, 10.36, and 9.98, respectively. In the 12-, 13-, 14-, and 15-year-old groups, peak prevalence was observed at age 14 (P < 0.05). In the 35-74-year-old group, the prevalence and mean number of teeth with gingival bleeding per person increased with age, and both parameters reached a peak in the 55-64-year-old group. The prevalence of dental calculus in the 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, 35-44-, 55-64- and 65-74-year-old group was 40.57%, 41.09%, 45.05%, 54.84%, 98.96%, 97.22%, and 92.01%, respectively, and on average, each person had 1.61, 1.71, 2.14, 3.52, 20.30, 20.55, and 17.26 teeth, respectively, with dental calculus. The prevalence and mean number of teeth with dental calculus increased with age. In the 35- to 74- year-old group, the prevalence of dental calculus was higher in urban areas than in rural areas and the mean number of teeth with dental calculus was higher in males than in females. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in the prevalence or the mean number of teeth with dental calculus or gingival bleeding between urban and rural areas or between males and females. @*Conclusion @#There is a high prevalence of both gingival bleeding and dental calculus in all 7 age groups in Guangdong, indicating that poor oral hygiene and gingival inflammation are common in Guangdong Province.
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Objective@#To investigate the dental fluorosis status of permanent teeth of a 12-year-old population of Guangdong Province to provide informational support for oral health care in Guangdong.@*Methods @#An equal-sized cross-sectional random-sample assessment was carried out among 1 920 urban and rural residents of Guangdong Province, half male and half female, aged 12 years. We examined the dental fluorosis status of complete permanent teeth crown based on a health survey and the criteria of clinical dental fluorosis from the fourth national oral health survey. The data were analyzed by SAS9.2 to investigate the prevalence and community fluorosis index as well as gender and urban and rural differences, and compared with the prevalence of fluorosis in Guangdong Province in 2005 and 1995.@*Results @# In the 12-year-old population, the prevalence of dental fluorosis was 5.05%, and the community fluorosis index was 0.108. There was no significant difference between genders（P > 0.05）, but there was a significant difference between subjects from urban and rural areas（P < 0.05）. There were significant differences among prevalence of dental fluorosis and community fluorosis index in 1995, 2005 and 2015—2016（P < 0.05）.@*Conclusion@# The prevalence of dental fluorosis and the community fluorosis index of 12-year-old people of Guangdong Province are relatively low, but there is an upward trend.
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@#Obiective To investigate the current status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch of people aged 35-44, 55-64 and 65- 74 in Guangdong province. Methods An equal- sized stratified multi-stage randomly sampling design was applied to select a total of 288 Guangdong residents in urban and rural areas, and the subjects were between the age of 35-44, 55-64 and 65-74, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of remaining teeth and edentulous jaw arch were assessed according to the Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey. Results 88.89% subjects in the 35-44 year group had more than 28 teeth and 100% subjects had more than 20 teeth, with an average of 29.88 teeth remaining and no edentulous jaw. The average remaining teeth was 26.06 in the group of 55-64 year, with 87.50% subjects having more than 20 teeth, 59.03% subjects having 28 or more teeth, 4.16% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch, and 1.04% subjects having both edentulous jaw arch. 73.96% and 35.07% subjects in the group of 65-74 year had 20 above or 28 above remaining teeth, respectively, and the average teeth was 22.94. There were 8.34% subjects having single edentulous jaw arch and 1.39% subjects having both edentulous jaws. In the 35-44 and 65-74 year group, the prevalence of missing teeth in the female was significantly higher than the male (P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between urban and rural areas (P > 0.05). More remaining teeth were noticed in current survey (2015) when compared to the data in 2005 (P < 0.05). Conclusion The 35-44 year people have few lost teeth, and over half of the elderly people have several lost teeth. Elderly people with edentulous arch are very few.
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Objective@#To understand the level and current status of oral health knowledge among people aged 35-44 years in Guangdong Province and to provide a reference for oral health education in Guangdong Province.@*Methods@#An equal-sized, stratified, multistage, random sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisting of 288 Guangdong residents aged 35-44 years in four urban areas and four rural areas with a gender ratio of one to one. According to the Guideline of the 4th National Oral Health Survey, a questionnaire survey was conducted, and a statistical analysis of the questionnaire responses related to oral health knowledge was performed.@*Results@#In total, 288 people participated in the survey, of which 95.8 percent were aware that “Oral health is very important to their own lives, and the prevention of oral diseases depends on themselves first”, 76.0% recognized that “Regular oral examination is very necessary”, and 66.7% disagreed that “Teeth were innate and had little to do with their own protection”. The percentages of participants that agreed with the statements “Eating sugar can cause dental caries”, “Oral disease may affect general health”, “Bacteria may cause dental caries” and “Bacteria may cause gum inflammation” were 87.2%, 84.7%, 80.9%, and 80.2%, respectively. However, the rates of awareness that teeth could be protected by fluoride and by pit and fissure sealant were only 36.8% and 18.8%, respectively.@*Conclusion@#General knowledge of oral health care was relatively high among adults aged 35-44 years in Guangdong Province, but knowledge of fluoride, pit and fissure sealing and caries prevention was relatively low. Oral health education should be continuously improved, especially regarding the popularization of oral health knowledge.
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Objective @#To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in a population of 55-74-year-old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guangdong. @*Methods@#An equal-sized stratified multi-stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain representative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at either 55-64 or 65-74 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to "The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey"; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculated. @*Results @#In the population of 55-64-year-old, the prevalence of crown caries was 77.08%, with a mean DFT of 2.94, and a filled rate of 21.87%; while the prevalence of root caries was 59.38%, with a mean DFT of 1.82, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 46.18%. In the population of 65-74-year-old, the prevalence of crown caries was 81.25%, with a mean DFT of 3.45, and a filled rate of 16.40%; while the prevalence of root caries was 63.19%, with a mean DFT of 2.34, and a filled rate of 9.18%; and the prevalence of residual roots was 50.35%. In the population of 55-64-year-old, the prevalence and the mean DFT of crown caries were higher in female when compared to male. And the mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban opponents. In the population of 65-74-year-old, the female had higher mean DFT score in crown caries than that in male. And the prevalence of caries of root and mean DFT of root caries were higher in countryside than that in the urban opponents.@*Conclusion@#There was a high level of crown and root caries in Guangdong adults, while the filling rate was low, most of the involved teeth were not filled.
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Objective@#To investigate the current status of caries on permanent teeth in adult population at the age of 35⁃44 years old in Guangdong Province, thus to provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care policies in Guangdong.@*Methods@#An equal⁃sized stratified multi⁃stage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain represen⁃ tative sample groups consisted of 288 Guangdong residents each, aged at 35⁃44 years old, with a gender ratio of half to half. The caries on the crowns and roots of permanent teeth were assessed according to The Guideline for the 4th National Oral Health Survey; thereafter the prevalence and mean DFT (decayed and filled tooth) of permanent teeth were calculat⁃ ed. The data obtained were analyzed using SAS9.2 package.@*Results@#In 35⁃44 year ⁃old population, the prevalence of crown caries was 71.18%, with a mean DFT of 2.76, and a filled rate of 36.78%; while the prevalence of root caries was 28.47%, with a mean DFT of 0.66, and a filled rate of 4.23%. The prevalence of caries of crown and root and mean DFT of crown caries were higher in countryside when compared to the urban opponents. And female had higher prevalence and mean DFT score in crown and root caries when compared to male. However, the mean DFT score of root caries in urban was almost the same as that in countryside.@*Conclusion@#There was a high level of crown caries in Guangdong. Although the prevalence of root caries is low, most of the involved roots was not filled.
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Objective@# To explore the caries status of permanent teeth among 12-15-year-old population in Guangdong Province, and to provide information support for oral health care. @*Methods @#A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 7 680 urban and rural residents in Guangdong Province. Subjects were from four different age groups (aged 12, 13, 14 and 15), with 1 920 people in each group. An equal-sized stratified multistage randomly sampling was used, with a gender ratio of half to half in each group. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the crown caries of permanent teeth in the whole mouth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean DMFT (decayed-missing-filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. @*Results @# The prevalence of crown caries in the groups of aged 12, aged 13, aged 14, aged 15 were 43.07%, 45.31%, 49.69%, 52.86%, respectively. The mean DMFTs were 1.06, 1.13, 1.38, 1.59, respectively. The filled rates were 20.19%, 21.50%, 22.86%, 21.33%, respectively. The prevalence and the mean DMFT increased with age (P < 0.001), and both were higher than that in 2005. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean DMFT between urban and rural areas and between male and female (P < 0.001). @*Conclusion@# According to the criteria of the mean DMFT in 12-year-old population of WHO, the severity of caries of permanent teeth in Guangdong was regarded as "very low". But the severity was higher than that in 2005, and the filled rate was low.
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Objective@#To explore the dental deciduous teeth caries among 3-5-year-old children in Guangdong Province and to provide information support for oral health care of Guangdong Province. @*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 2 592 urban and rural residents in Guangdong. Subjects were from three different age groups (aged 3, 4 and 5), with 864 children in each group. Male and female were 1:1 in each group. An equal sized sampling with stratified multistage method was used. According to the criteria of clinical dentition examination of the fourth national oral health survey, the dental caries in deciduous teeth were recorded using CPI probe. And then the prevalence, the mean dmft (decayed-missing-filled tooth), the filled rate were calculated. @*Results @#The prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth in the three groups of aged 3, aged 4, aged 5 were 58.33%, 68.40%, and 78.47% independently; the mean dmft were 3.03, 4.34, and 5.69 independently; the filled rate were 0.92%, 1.47%, 1.26% independently. There were significant differences in the prevalence and the mean dmft between urban and rural areas and among different age groups. There was no significant difference in the prevalence regarding the gender in each group, The mean dmft in the group of aged 3 in female were higher than that in male, while no gender differences were found in the groups of aged 4 and aged 5. The prevalence and the mean dmft of 5-year-old children were higher than that in 2005. @*Conclusion@#The 3-5-year-old children of Guangdong Province had a really high prevalence of dental caries in deciduous teeth. More than 98% of the caries are unfilled, treatment need is extremely huge. The 3-5-year-old children are the main target for us to prevent the early childhood caries.
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Objective @# To investigate current status of periodontal health in the population at the age of 15-74 in Guangdong province and provide information for oral health care in Guangdong. @*Methods@# A stratified multistage randomly sampling design was applied to obtain 4 provincially representative sample groups consisted of 2784 Guangdong residents, aged at 15, 35-44, 55-64 and 65-74 respectively, with a gender ratio of half to half. The status of probing depth (PD) and loss of attachment (LOA) of the whole mouth were assessed according to the Guideline for the fourth National Oral Health Survey by using a CPI probe, and the data obtained were analyzed with SAS9.2 package.@*Results @#The prevalence of shallow periodontal pocket in the 15, 35-44, 55-64 and 65-74 years old group were 0.52%, 38.54%, 49.65%, 47.22% with 0.02, 2.05, 3.74, 2.80 affected teeth on average. The corresponding percentages of deep periodontal pocket in the 4 groups were 0.05%, 3.47%, 15.97%, 9.03% with 0, 0.07, 0.31, 0.16 affected teeth on average. Prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 4-5 mm LOA were 0.10%, 26.74%, 33.68%, 35.07% and 0, 1.54, 4.33, 4.05. The prevalence and the mean affected teeth of 6-8 mm LOA were 0, 6.94%, 32.29%, 27.08% and 0, 0.24, 1.23, 0.97. The prevalence of LOA≥4 mm were 0.10%, 35.07%, 79.17%, 74.65% and the prevalence of LOA≥6 mm were 0, 8.33%, 45.49%, 39.58%. In the 35-74 years old group, the prevalence and the mean teeth with PD and LOA increased with age and reached a peak in 55-64 years old group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the prevalence and the mean teeth of PD and LOA between urban and rural areas. The mean teeth of PD in 35-44 and 55-64 years old groups were significant higher in the male than the female. The prevalence and the mean teeth with LOA were both significant higher in the male than the female.@*Conclusion @#The periodontal diseases indications are common in 35-74 years old people and most necessary at the age of 55-64 in Guangdong. The periodontal health may have extensive influence on oral health status in the middle-aged and the elder population in Guangdong.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) gene expression abnormality in neurotrophic causes of diabetic peripheral neurophathy.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diabetes was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by alloxan. The parameters were measured as follows: IGF-1 mRNA by revere transcriptase-polymer chain reaction (RT-PCR); IGF-1 peptide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); electrophysiological parameters of nerves by evoked electromyogram; morphometric evaluation of sciatic nerves under light microscope and transmission electron microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>During early diabetic stage, IGF-1 mRNA [(0.430+/-0.031) vs. (0.370+/-0.016), P<0.01, (0.430+/-0.031) vs. (0.280+/-0.010), P<0.001, respectively], IGF-1 peptide contents [(38.44+/-3.60) ng/mg vs. (30.06+/-2.41) ng/mg, P<0.01, (38.44+/-3.6) ng/mg vs. (3.71+/-2.70) ng/mg P<0.001, respectively] in sciatic nerve tissue reduced in diabetic rats with hyperglycemia and varied with severity of state when compared with non-diabetic control rats, and further gradually down-regulated in the diabetic rats with duration of diabetes [IGF-1 mRNA (0.320+/-0.021) to approximately (0.230+/-0.060); IGF-1 peptide (28.80+/-3.30) to approximately (19.51+/-1.80) ng/mg]. Furthermore, they correlated with nerve functional (sensory nerve conduction velocity: r=0.741, P<0.001; amplitude of evoked potential: r=0.716, P<0.001, respectively) and structural abnormality (axonal area r=0.81, P<0.001) of sciatic nerve. No difference was found in the above parameters between diabetic rats with euglycemia and non-diabetic control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>IGF-1 gene expression in tissues was down-regulated from early diabetic stage, and varied with the severity and duration of diabetic state. The decrement in IGF-1 level might contribute to the initiation and development of diabetic neuropathy via autocrine or paracrine pathway.</p>