Lifetime cannabis use and childhood trauma increase risk of psychosis in carriers of CNR1 genetic variants: findings from the STREAM study

Objectives: Gene-environment interactions increase the risk of psychosis. The objective of this study was to investigate gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in psychosis, including single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of dopamine-2 receptor (D2R), N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), lifetime cannabis use, and childhood trauma. Methods: Twenty-three SNVs of genes encoding D2R (DRD2: rs1799978, rs7131056, rs6275), NMDAR (GRIN1: rs4880213, rs11146020; GRIN2A: rs1420040, rs11866328; GRIN2B: rs890, rs2098469, rs7298664), and CB1R (CNR1: rs806380, rs806379, rs1049353, rs6454674, rs1535255, rs2023239, rs12720071, rs6928499, rs806374, rs7766029, rs806378, rs10485170, rs9450898) were genotyped in 143 first-episode psychosis patients (FEPp) and 286 community-based controls by Illumina HumanCoreExome-24 BeadChip. Gene-gene and gene-environment associations were assessed using nonparametric Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction software. Results: Single-locus analyses among the 23 SNVs for psychosis and gene-gene interactions were not significant (p > 0.05 for all comparisons); however, both environmental risk factors showed an association with psychosis (p < 0.001). Moreover, gene-environment interactions were significant for an SNV in CNR1 and cannabis use. The best-performing model was the combination of CNR1 rs12720071 and lifetime cannabis use (p < 0.001), suggesting an increased risk of psychosis. Conclusion: Our study supports the hypothesis of gene-environment interactions for psychosis involving T-allele carriers of CNR1 SNVs, childhood trauma, and cannabis use.

Aspectos sociodemográficos e obstétricos da morbidade materna grave / Aspectos sociodemográficos y obstétricos de la morbilidad materna grave / Sociodemographic and obstetric aspects of severe maternal morbidity

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os aspectos sociodemográficos, obstétricos e de saúde de mulheres com experiência de morbidade materna grave em um hospital de nível terciário. Material e método: Estudo descritivo, transversal, de base hospitalar realizado em 78 mulheres. A coleta de dados realizou-se por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e revisão de prontuários e os dados foram analisados mediante estatística descritiva. Resultados: Das partici pantes 24,4% foram gestantes e 75,6% puérperas, a idade média foi de 28,8 anos. 35,9% foram primigestas e os principais diagnósticos foram as síndromes hipertensivas, 83,3 e 16,7% outras morbidades. Destaca-se que 15,4% das participantes atendiam a mais de um critério durante o tempo de internação e 73,0% tiveram seis ou mais consultas de pré-natal. Conclusão: As síndromes hipertensivas foram as primeiras causas de morbidade materna grave, e ressalta-se a assistência pré-natal prestada. Os resultados fornecem implicações para o financiamento de mecanismos de assistência às mulheres que sofreram os eventos da morbidade materna grave associados aos aspectos obstétricos e sociodemográficos das mesmas. Existe a necessidade de caracterizar e monitorar a morbidade materna grave na atenção obstétrica para desenvolver ações de promoção e melhorar os cuidados de saúde prestados a essas mulheres. O conhecimento dos principais diagnósticos apresentados por mulheres com morbidade materna grave são importantes para a prática dos enfermeiros que atuam nessa área, pois permite instrumentalizar mudanças no modelo de assistência à mulher e sua família, com vistas a que se atinja a maternidade segura em nosso país.

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify sociodemographic, obstetric and health aspects of women who experienced severe maternal morbidity in a tertiary care hospital. Method: A descriptive study, cross-sectional and hospital-based involving 78 women. Data collection was carried out through structured interviews and review of medical records and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: 24.4% of participants were pregnant and 75.6% were in the postpartum period, the average age was 28.8 years. 35.9% were primiparous and primary diagnoses were hypertensive disorders, 83.3% and 16.7% other morbidities. It is noteworthy that 15.4% of participants met more than one criterion during the time of admission and 73.0% had six or more prenatal consultations. Con clusion: Hypertensive syndromes were the first causes of severe maternal morbidity, and prenatal care provided was highlighted. The results provide implications for the funding of mechanisms to assist women who have suffered from severe maternal morbidity events associated with obstetric and sociodemographic aspects. There is a need to characterize and monitor severe maternal morbidity in obstetric care to develop actions to promote and improve the health care provided to these women. Knowledge of the mains diagnosis presented by women with severe maternal morbidity are important for the practice of nurses working in this area, because it allows for the implementation of changes in the care model for women and their families, with a view to the attain ment of safe motherhood in our country.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar los aspectos sociodemográficos, obstétricos y de salud en mujeres con experiencia de mor bilidad materna grave en un hospital de nivel terciario. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado en hospital con 78 mujeres. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante entrevistas estructuradas y revisión de historias clínicas, los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: De las participantes 24,4% fueron gestantes y 75,6% puérperas, la edad media fue de 28,8 años, el 35,9% fueron primigestas. Los principales diagnósticos fueron: síndromes hipertensivos (83,3%), otras morbilidades 16,7%; se destaca que el 15,4% de las participantes presentaban más de un criterio durante el tiempo de internación y el 73% tuvo seis o más consultas de prenatal. Conclusión: Los síndromes hipertensivos fueron las primeras causas de morbilidad materna grave, y se resalta la asistencia prenatal prestada. Los resultados proporcionan implica ciones para la financiación de mecanismos de asistencia a las mujeres que sufrieron los eventos de morbilidad materna grave asociados a los aspectos obstétricos y sóciodemográficos de las mismas. Existe la necesidad de ca racterizar y monitorizar la morbilidad materna grave durante la atención obstétrica para desarrollar acciones de promoción y mejorar los cuidados de salud prestados a estas mujeres. El conocimiento del perfil de diagnósticos presentados en las mujeres con morbilidad materna severa es importante para la práctica de los enfermeros que trabajan en esta área, ya que permite dotar a los cambios en el modelo de atención de la mujer y su familia, con miras al logro de una maternidad segura en nuestro país.