ABSTRACT
Phytophthora parasitica is an important oomycete that causes disease in a variety of plants, dimethomorph fungicides being specific for oomycetes. The aim of this study was to use RNA-seq to rapidly discover the mechanism by which dimethomorph acts in the treatment of P. parasitica. We found that the expression of 832 genes changed significantly after the dimethomorph treatment, including 365 up-regulated genes and 467 down-regulated genes. According to the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, pathway enrichment and verification test results, the following conclusions are obtained: (i) the treatment of P. parasitica with dimethomorph causes changes in the expression levels of genes associated with the cell wall and cell wall synthesis; (ii) dimethomorph treatment results in reduced permeability of the cell membrane and changes in the expression of certain transport-related proteins; (iii) dimethomorph treatment increased reactive oxygen species and reduced the expression of genes related to the control of oxidative stress.
Phytophthora parasitica es un importante oomiceto que origina enfermedades en una variedad de plantas; el fungicida dimetomorf es específico contra oomicetos. El objetivo de este estudio fue utilizar la tecnología de RNA-seq para descubrir rápidamente el mecanismo por el que el dimetomorf actúa en el tratamiento de P. parasitica. Descubrimos que la expresión de 832 genes se modificaba significativamente tras el tratamiento con dimetomorf, incluyendo 365 genes que son sobrerregulados y 467 genes que son subrregulados. El análisis de enriquecimiento de ontología de genes (GO), análisis de enriquecimiento de las vías y pruebas de verificación permitieron extraer las conclusiones siguientes: 1) el tratamiento de P. parasitica con dimetomorf origina cambios en los niveles de expresión de los genes relacionados con la pared celular y su síntesis; 2) el tratamiento con dimetomorf origina una reducción de la permeabilidad de la membrana celular, así como cambios en la expresión de ciertas proteínas relacionadas con el transporte, y 3) el tratamiento con dimetomorf incrementó las especies reactivas del oxígeno y redujo la expresión de los genes relacionados con el control del estrés oxidativo.
Subject(s)
Phytophthora/drug effects , RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis , Morpholines/pharmacology , Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology , RNA-Seq , Phytophthora/genetics , Plant Diseases/parasitology , RNA, Messenger/genetics , Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis , Carrier Proteins/genetics , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , Cell Membrane Permeability/genetics , Cell Wall/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Sequence Alignment , Reactive Oxygen Species , Oxidative Stress/genetics , beta-Glucans/analysis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Gene OntologyABSTRACT
Objective@# To investigate the influence of different concentrations of CaCl2 on the hemolytic activity of candida strains. @*Methods @#A total of 25 candida strains were selected, including 21 candida strains recovered from clinical specimens, and 4 reference strains of C. albicans (ATCC 90028) (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA), C. glabrata (ATCC 90030), C. krusei (ATCC 6258), and C. tropicalis (ATCC 13803) respectively. CaCl2 was added at concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 2.5 g % (wt/vol). Plates were cultured at 37 ℃ in a 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24-72 h, and the hemolytic index (Hi) was analyzed. @*Results @#comparsions of the hemolytic indices among the groups treated with 0.5% CaCl2 (Hi = 2.247 ± 0.079), 1% CaCl2 (Hi = 2.013 ± 0.092), 2.5% CaCl2 (Hi = 2.150 ± 0.066) and the control (Hi = 2.749 ± 0.103) reached statistical significance (P < 0.001). @*Conclusion@#CaCl2 may produce a decrease activity in the hemolysis of candida species.