ABSTRACT
Flatfoot constitutes the major cause of clinic visits for pediatric foot problems. The reported prevalence of flatfoot varies widely due to numerous factors. It can be divided into flexible and rigid flatfoot. Diagnosis and management of pediatric flatfoot has long been the matter of controversy. Common assessment tools include visual inspection, anthropometric values, footprint parameters and radiographic evaluation. Most flexible flatfeet are physiologic, asymptomatic, and require no treatment. Otherwise, the physician should treat symptomatic flexible flatfeet. Initial treatment options include activity modification, proper shoe and orthoses, exercises and medication. Furthermore, comorbidities such as obesity and ligamenous laxity should be identified and managed, if applicable. When all nonsurgical treatment options faile, surgery can be considered. Our purpose in this article is to present a clinical algorithmic approach to pediatric flatfoot
Subject(s)
Humans , Pediatrics , Flatfoot/therapy , AnthropometryABSTRACT
This article, first represents statistics of AIDS in Iran and the world, then studies the feature of AIDS disease, the factors of infection and the ways of its transmission. In this article we regards to the special group such as children, women and prisoners. Moreover some issues related to the observation of human rights principle in respect of HIV-positive persons are discussed. The next section dedicated to criminal liability to transmission of HIV where the arguments for and against criminalization of HIV transmission would be discussed. In Iranian penal code there are some suitable criminal subjects like murder, attempt murder and transmission of STD to apply in respected behaviors. Abortion of HIV positive fetus would also be forbidden in both Islamic rules and penal code. The final section discusses civil liability of physicians and nurses through transmission of HIV to patient and results that all damages suffered by victim should be compensated