ABSTRACT
Introduction: the demand for mobile learning in the medical sciences educational program is increasing. The present review study gathers evidence highlighted by the experimental studies on the educational effects of mobile learning for medical sciences students
Methods: the study was carried out as a systematic literature search published from 2007 to July 2017 in the databases PubMed/Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], Web of Knowledge [Thomson Reuters], Educational Resources and Information Center [ERIC], EMBASE [Elsevier], Cochrane library, PsycINFO and Google Scholar. To examine quality of the articles, a tool validated by the BEME Review was employed
Results: totally, 21 papers entered the study. Three main themes emerged from the content of papers: [1] improvement in student clinical competency and confidence, [2] acquisition and enhancing of students' theoretical knowledge, and [3] students' positive attitudes to and perception of mobile learning. Level 2B of Kirkpatrick hierarchy had been examined by all the papers and seven of them had reported two or more outcome levels, but level 4 was not reported in the papers
Conclusion: our review showed that the students of medical sciences had positive response and attitudes to mobile learning. Moreover, implementation of mobile learning in medical sciences program might lead to valuable educational benefits and improve clinical competence and confidence along with theoretical knowledge, attitudes, and perception of mobile learning. The results indicated that mobile learning strategy in medical education can positively affect learning in all three domains of Bloom's Taxonomy
ABSTRACT
This study was planned to investigate the effectiveness of a short cognitive behavioral group intervention for coronary heart disease [CBGI-CHD] on stress and depression in patients with chronic coronary heart disease in a randomized controlled trail. Chronic coronary heart patients were randomly assigned to a 12-week [2.5 hours sessions] cognitive behavioral group intervention for coronary heart disease [n=24] or to a control group [n=22] that received usual care by using pre test-post test control group design. The Intervention group patient were under CBGI-CHD program for 3 months [from June up to end of August, 2010] on Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital Heart Division. Depression symptoms were measured using a Persian version of the Beck depression inventory II [BDI-II], Anxiety symptoms were measured using a Persian version of the Zung self-rating anxiety scale [SAS] and stress symptoms were measured using a Persian version of stress subscale from depression, anxiety and stress scales [DASS-42], before and directly after intervention. Analysis of Covariance showed that the intervention group patients had significant decreases in stress at post test, compared with control group [P<0.05]. Although, the intervention was effective in reducing depression and anxiety but it was not significant [P<0.05]. The results indicate that CBGI-CHD can result reductions in stress, depression and anxiety. Moreover, the results are considered a reliable first step in the process of validating CBGI-CHD program designed to reduction coronary heart disease patients' stress, depression, anxiety and type a behavior pattern. CBGI- CHD can be applied for reducing stress, and anxiety and depression in heart coronary patient's but in the case of depression and anxiety it needs revision in content of intervention and increasing depression and anxiety treatment sessions program. The future researches with longer pursuing periods for reviewing efficacy continuation is suggested
ABSTRACT
According to Beck's cognitive theory, dysfunctional core beliefs are developed by stressful life experiences. In addition, depressive episodes could be considered as stressful events. Thus, it is assumed that patients with depressive disorder experience beliefs about depression and its outcome, due to repeated episodes of depression. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument for measuring maladaptive beliefs about depression and assess its psychometric features. A three stage approach was used. In the first stage an item pool was developed and its face validity was approved by a focus group. Subsequently, 698 students of Ghazvin University completed Beck Depression Inventory-II and Depression Beliefs Scale [DBS], developed in the previous stage. 433 subjects completed the DBS again after 14 days. In the third stage, in order to assess discriminant validity, 93 subjects in three groups of patients with recurrent major depressive disorder [N=34], patients with first episode of major depressive disorder [N=29], and non-clinical subjects [N=30] participated in sad mood induction task and then completed DBS. Exploratory factor analysis and Varimax rotation identified four factors related to depression, described as "lack of control on depression", "Catastrophizing", "worthlessness", and "incapability". Also, DBS and its subscales showed satisfactory discriminant validity, convergent validity, internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Identified subscales in DBS reflect concepts of Beck's cognitive theory and Teasdale's differential activation hypothesis about relapse in depression. Also, these results provide preliminary evidence about desirable validity and reliability of DBS. However, psychometric properties of the scale should be assessed in patients with other types of depressive disorders such as dysthymia
Subject(s)
Humans , Culture , Psychometrics , Depressive Disorder, Major , Catastrophization , Social DesirabilityABSTRACT
The main purpose of the present study was to discover the underlying mechanisms of anxiety in Wells' metacognitive theory of anxiety. This could be accomplished through studying the relations between all kinds of meta-cognition in Nelson and Narens' theory and Wells' theory of metacognitive anxiety. Therefore, as a first step, the relations among metacognitive anxiety and Judgment of Learning [JOL] and delayed Judgment of Learning [dJOL], as different supervisory metacognitive skills were studied. Two hundred and ninety volunteer university students [146 men and 144 women] were assessed using JOL and dJOL task as well as Anxious Thought Inventory [AnTI]. Data were analyzed using correlation and stepwise regression. Results showed positive correlations of JOL and dJOL with metacognitive anxiety, and all of its subscales between 0.15 and 0.21. Stepwise regression analyses also indicated that Social worriness alone, can predict 4.4% and 3.9% of variance of JOL and dJOL respectively. Nevertheless, the mentioned correlations were weak and the obtained percents were very low. Because of weak relations, we can infer that JOL is not the underlying impaired mechanism mentioned in Wells' theory, and there are probably other underlying metacognitive mechanisms involved
ABSTRACT
The relation between defense mechanisms and anxiety has been shown in scientific texts. Considering epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder [GAD], this study investigated the correlation between defense styles and trait-state anxiety among university students afflicted with GAD. The participants included 30 university students afflicted with GAD and 30 normal ones with the age range of 19 to 27 years old [15 male and 15 female in each group]. The subjects, selected via convenient sampling method, were matched with each other in terms of demographical variables. All subjects met the inclusion criteria by answering to structured clinical interview [SCID-CV] and general health questionnaire [GHQ-28]. Information questionnaire groups completed defense style questionnaire [DSQ-40] and Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory [STAI]. To analyze data, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and analysis of variance were employed. An indication of a significant difference in utilization of mature defense mechanism was observed by normal versus GAD students [P<0.032]. The normal students used the defense mechanisms of humor [P<0.048], denial [P<0.034], suppression [P<0.035], dissociation [P<0.040], and rationalization [P<0.0005] more significantly; the GAD students used projection [P<0.002] and somatization [P<0.001] more significantly. There were significant negative correlations between the scores of general health level as well as state-trait anxiety with mature defense mechanisms. The results showed a poor support for the correlation between immature defense mechanisms and state-trait anxiety; no correlation was observed between neurotic defense style and state-trait anxiety. People with a good level of general health and a low score on state-trait anxiety tend to use mature defense mechanisms more significantly. Furthermore, using humor and projection defense mechanisms by normal students support the findings of this study