ABSTRACT
Background: Normally brachial artery divides into its terminal branches namely radial and ulnar arteries at the neck of the radius in the cubital fossa and these are the main arteries responsible for the irrigation of the forearm. In the present study we found higher division of brachial artery into radial and ulnar arteries with superficial course of radial artery unilaterally during routine dissection for MBBS student. Accurate information regarding these variations is important during vascular and re-constructive surgery and also in evaluation of angiographic images. Aims & Objective: The altered anatomy of the blood vessels may make them more vulnerable to trauma and to haemorrhage but at the same time more accessible for cannulation. Our aim is to report the occurrence of the higher division of brachial artery with superficial course of radial artery in a sample of western Indian population. Material and Methods: A prospective evaluation was conducted on cadavers at various Medical Colleges, in Gujarat. The upper limbs of cadavers were dissected and observed for any variation in the course of brachial artery and its terminal branches radial and ulnar arteries. Results: A total of 96 arms of 48 subjects were studied. In three upper limbs we found higher division of brachial artery with superficial course of radial artery. The variant was present unilaterally in left upper limb of three males (6.25%, n = 48). Conclusion: Anomalies in origin and course of principal arteries have practical importance for orthopaedicians, radiologists and vascular surgeons. Awareness of incidence of this variation is necessary to avoid complication during pre-operative procedure or surgeries in the upper limb.
ABSTRACT
Background: The sacrum is a large, triangular fused five sacral vertebrae and forms the postero-superior wall of the bony pelvis. Numerous anatomical variations of the sacrum have been reported including complete bilateral sacralization of the fifth lumbar vertebra or complete bilateral sacralization of first coccygeal vertebra in different race generates sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina. There has never been reported among Gujarati population in Western India. These variations may be found in the living during radiological investigations for pain and neurological symptoms of patients or may be found during post mortem examination or during dissection of human body and osteology class for undergraduate students. Aims & Objective: The study was designed to know the prevalence of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina among Gujarati population in Western India as there is paucity of available literature. Considering the variation, we conduct this study as a prelude to any type of experimental work in biomechanics, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in low back pain, sciatica, coccydynia, spinal surgery and for interventional procedures like spinal anaesthesia and lumbar puncture. Material and Methods: Observational study was carried out on 302 dry human sacra from Department of Anatomy, B.J. Medical college Ahmedabad, Government Dental college Ahmedabad, Medical college Vadodara and Government Medical College, Surat in Gujarat. Morphological study was done on the sacrum. The sacra consisting of six vertebral segments were selected. The specimens were then carefully examined and recorded. Results: 302 dry human sacra were studied. Sacra with five pairs of sacral foramina were recorded. We founded 51 specimens of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina representing Bilateral complete sacralization of fifth lumbar vertebra (24 sacra) and bilateral complete sacralization of first coccygeal vertebra (27 sacra). Conclusion: The prevalence of a sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina varies in general population is not reported separately. The present study shows that the incidence of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina among Gujarati population in Western India is 16.9%. Prevalence of sacrum with five pairs of sacral foramina is 7.9% and 8.9% due to sacralization of fifth lumbar vertebra and sacralization of first coccygeal vertebra, respectively. The knowledge of this anatomical variation is of paramount importance to spinal surgeons, obstetricians, radiologists, forensic experts, morphologists and clinical anatomists.
ABSTRACT
Background: The sacrum is a large, triangular fused five sacral vertebrae and forms the postero-superior wall of the bony pelvis. Numerous anatomical variations of the sacrum have been reported including complete bilateral lumbarization of the first sacral vertebra in different race generates sacrum with three pairs of sacral foramina. There has never been reported among Gujarati population in Western India. These variations may be found in the living during radiological investigations for pain and neurological symptoms of patients or may be found during post mortem examination or during dissection of human body and osteology class for first M.B.B.S students. Objective: The study was designed to know the prevalence of sacrum with three pairs of sacral foramina among Gujarati population in Western India as there is paucity of available literature. Considering the variation, we conduct this study as a prelude to any type of experimental work in biomechanics, for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in low back pain, spinal surgery and for interventional procedures like spinal anaesthesia and lumbar puncture. Materials and Methods: Observational study was carried out on 189 dry human sacra of known sex(115 male and 74 female) were studied from Department of Anatomy, B.J. Medical college Ahmedabad, Government Dental college Ahmedabad, Medical college Vadodara and Government Medical College, Surat in Gujarat. Morphological study was done on the sacrum. The sacra consisting of four vertebral segments were selected. The specimens were then carefully examined and recorded. Results: 189 dry human sacra were studied. Sacra with three pairs of sacral foramina were recorded. We founded 3 (1-Male, 2-Female) specimens of sacrum with three pairs of sacral foramina representing Bilateral complete lumbarization of first sacral vertebra. The degree of lumbarization varied: Bilateral complete lumbarization in 3 specimens and did not found Unilateral complete lumbarization specimen. Conclusion: The present study shows that the incidence of sacrum with three pairs of sacral foramina among Gujarati population in Western India is 1.58 %.The knowledge of this anatomical variation is of paramount importance to spinal surgeons, radiologists, forensic experts, morphologists and clinical anatomists.