On Some Aspects of Statistical Inference in Exact Sampling Distributions by using Ms-Excel

We know that statistical data is nothing but a random sample of observations drawn from a Population described by a random variable whose probability distribution is unknown or partly unknown and we try to know about the properties of the population on the basis of knowledge of the properties of the sample. This inductive process of going from known sample to the unknown Population is called “Statistical Inference”. The present paper gives overviews of thestatistical tools for t-test,X -test and F-test and their applications in various numerical data.Statistical analysis is expected to make an important contribution to solving major Socio- economic development and activities to build for good planning and better decision – making valid Inference. Hence, it is the branch of statistics concerned with mathematical facts and data related to Business and Economic development events.

Drug utilisation pattern in dermatology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Skin is the part of integumentary system that constitutes the largest organ of human body and thus it is exposed to injury by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The skin disorders have serious detrimental effect on quality of life of the general population. The present study was planned to define the prescription pattern in terms of rationality, drug interactions and financial burden of disease to the individual. Also, in the identification of problems related to drug use such as poly-pharmacy and drug-drug interaction.Methods: The present study was conducted in the male and female out-patient Department of Dermatology at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana over a period of two months. Prescriptions of 400 patients were analyzed i.e. 200 each were taken from the male and female OPD patients. An observational and cross-sectional study design was adopted for this study.Results: Prescriptions of 400 patients were analyzed. The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.73 in male OPD and 3.59 in female OPD. The percentage of generic drugs prescribed was 84.13% in male OPD and 77.3% in female OPD, drugs prescribed by brand name was 15.82% in male OPD and 22.7% in female OPD. Antihistamines were the most commonly prescribed drugs followed by antibacterial in female OPD and antifungals in male OPD.Conclusions: Prescription of maximum drugs was by their generic name and was dispensed free of cost to the patients from the hospital pharmacy. Almost all the drugs prescribed as oral formulation were present in the NLEM, India 2011. Whereas some topical formulations prescribed are not present in the NLEM. Therefore, were prescribed by trade name. Regular educational interventions like sensitization on pharmacovigilance may further promote rational prescribing.

Multidrug-resistant Bacteroides fragilis Isolated from a Case of Pyopneumothorax.

Aim: The aim of this case report is to present an unusual case of multidrug- resistant Bacteroides fragilis from a patient with pyopneumothorax who had a blunt injury to the thorax and got admitted in a tertiary care hospital, South India. Presentation of Case: The patient developed pyopneumothorax after a blunt injury and on admission was treated empirically with piperacillin-tazobactam and metronidazole. Following antibiotic sensitivity testing the B. fragilis strain isolated showed multidrug resistance including metronidazole. Imipenem was initiated replacing empiric therapy with a successful clinical outcome. Discussion: Bacteroides species are obligate anaerobic bacteria that are usually found in the gastrointestinal tract of the human body. Bacteroides species are the most commonly isolated anaerobic organisms from intra-abdominal lesions and rarely from intrathoracic disease conditions like pyopneumothorax. Pyopneumothorax caused by Bacteroides species is associated with high treatment failure and mortality rates in antibiotic-resistant cases. Though metronidazole is the mainstay of treating anaerobic infections, attention has to be given to the possibility of multidrug resistance when treating critical diseases. Conclusion: This case report summarizes the multidrug- resistance in Bacteroides fragilis strain isolated from a case of pyopneumothorax. The situation calls attention to the possibility of multidrug-resistance being underestimated when given as empirical therapy and institution of appropriate and timely antibiotic policy measures to prevent mortality.

Role of enteropathogenic escherichia coli in paediatric diarrhoeas in South India.

Background: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli( EPEC) is a major cause of diarrhoea in children below 5 years of age. Serotyping is the classical method and PCR detection of virulence factors is a rapid way of detecting diarrhoeagenic Esch.coli. Objectives : To study the role of EPEC in Paediatric diarrhoea by both Serogrouping and Multiplex PCR assay and to analyse the antibiotic susceptibililty pattern of EPEC strains in our area. Materials and Methods : Prospective study of stool samples collected from children with diarrhoea and without diarrhoea who were below 5 years of age was conducted from May to November 2011. EPEC isolates were identified by Serogrouping. Escherichia coli isolates were subjected to Serogrouping and Multiplex PCR assay and those isolates which showed pathogenic genes were further serotyped. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of EPEC isolates was determined by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results : Among the Escherichia coli isolates in the diarrhoeal group, 36.8% were identified as EPEC by Serogrouping and 38.8% of them were found to possess EAEC genes by molecular characterisation. In the nondiarrhoeal Esch. coli strains , none agglutinated with EPEC polyvalent sera, 46.6% showed EAEC genes out of which 85.7% were of a single serotype O153. Among the Escherichia coli isolates which agglutinated with EPEC polyvalent antisera , 33.3% were positive for Enteroaggregative genes. Conclusion : EPEC is still an important pathogen in paediatric diarrhoeas . O serogrouping can still be relied upon for detection of EPEC. EAEC are present in classical ‘ O ‘ serogroups. Serotype O 153 has an increasing potential for asymptomatic carrier state in children below 5 years of age.

Bacteriological profile and multidrug resistance patterns of blood culture isolates in a teaching hospital in South India.

Background: Blood stream infections can lead to life threatening sepsis and require rapid antimicrobial treatment . The organisms implicated in these infections vary with the geographical alteration . Further , infections caused by MDR organisms are more likely to increase the risk of death in these patients . Objectives : To study the profile of organisms causing blood stream infections and analyse their antibiotic resistance patterns in our teaching hospital.: Materials and methods : Prospective study of 524 blood samples from clinically suspected cases of bacteraemia was performed over a period of three years. The isolates were identified by standard biochemical tests and antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined by CLSI guidelines. Results : Positive blood cultures were obtained in 22.9% of cases. Among the culture positives , gram positive bacteria accounted for 61.5% of cases ; the most common isolate being Staphylococcus aureus(29.2 %) . Of the gram negative isolates , bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant isolate , Klebsiella being the commonest isolate.The most sensitive drugs for gram positive isolates were Amikacin, Erythromycin , Ofloxacin and Piperacillin –Tazobactam.And the most sensitive drugs for gram negative isolates were Amoxyclav and Piperacillin – Tazobactam.The prevalence of MRSA in our Staphylococcal isolates was 37.1% and Vancomycin resistance in these isolates was 25.7%. Vancomycin resistance in E nterococcal isolates was 33.3 % .ESBL prevalence was 32.6 %.Conclusion : Increasing incidence of Drug resistant organisms in blood stream infections calls for increased efforts by clinicians to exercise caution in use of these drugs . Vancomycin should be replaced by simpler drugs like Linizolid or Cotrimoxazole to preserve this useful antibiotic and prolong its therapeutic usefulness.

Protective effect of Tribulus terrestris linn on liver and kidney in cadmium intoxicated rats.

Administration of cadmium (Cd) significantly increased the peroxidation markers such as malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls along with significant decrease in antioxidant markers such as super oxide dismutase and reduced glutathione in liver and kidney tissues. Cadmium also caused a significant alteration in hepatic and renal functional markers in serum viz. total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Prominent pathological changes observed in liver were severe vascular and sinusoidal congestion with diffuse degenerative changes and mononuclear infiltration into peripheral areas, while the kidney showed vascular and glomerular congestion, cloudy swelling of tubular epithelium. Co-administration of ethonolic extract of T. terrestris or vitamin E along with Cd significantly reversed the Cd induced changes along with significant reduction in Cd load.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty using a cutting balloon for stenosis of the arch vessels in aortoarteritis.

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with or without stenting of steno-occlusions in the supra-aortic arch vessels in aortoarteritis is associated with suboptimal results and higher restenosis rates, particularly in those with diffuse disease. We report two cases of stand-alone cutting balloon angioplasty for patients who presented with critical stenosis of the common carotid artery, and occlusion of the subclavian artery, respectively.

Carotid artery stenting with filter protection.

BACKGROUND: Neurologic events associated with distal embolization of debris during percutaneous carotid artery stenting complicate the procedure. Filter devices for cerebral protection potentially reduce the risk of embolization and other neurologic events. We studied the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of carotid artery stenting with a filter device. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 2002 and January 2003, a total of 22 consecutive patients (30 lesions) who had >70% diameter stenosis of the internal carotid artery underwent carotid artery stenting with filter protection at our institute. The mean age of the patients was 64+/-9 years; 14 were men and 8 women, and 15 had neurologic symptoms. A stent was successfully implanted in 29 lesions. It was possible to position a filter device in all the 29 lesions. Neurologic complications during the procedure, in the hospital, and at 30-day clinical follow-up occurred in 2 patients. One patient suffered a minor stroke that resolved within 24 hours. None of the patients had a major embolic stroke. There was one death from intracerebral hemorrhage related to hyperperfusion and the use of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS: Filter protection during carotid artery stenting seems technically feasible, safe, and effective. In the present study, the incidence of embolic neurologic events was low.

Effect of lithium on regulation of two molecular forms of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in rat brain.

Effects of lithium in vivo and in vitro on the two molecular forms of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in rat brain were investigated. Inhibition by strophanthidin, affinity to monovalent cations and cellular localization of the enzyme were used to differentiate the two molecular forms. K+ dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity and strophanthidin inhibition studies revealed selective increase in the activity of low affinity form but not high affinity form of the enzyme following lithium treatment. Na+ sensitivity of neither forms of Na+,K(+)-ATPase was changed but K+ sensitivity of low affinity form was increased due to lithium. Lithium showed biphasic effects on low affinity form of the enzyme; activation at low concentration and inhibition at high concentration. The results suggest that lithium in vivo regulates the concentration of extra cellular potassium by selectively acting at K+ site of low affinity form of the enzyme (astroglial) but not on high affinity form (neuronal enzyme) and leading to changes in neuronal depolarization.

Study on the outcome of pregnancies for one year in Dehradun city.

Data on the outcome of pregnancies and birth weight of neonates for one year from the government women hospital, Dehradun (U.P.) are analysed. The frequency of live births, stillbirths, twin births and abortions are found to occur higher in autumn. This may be due to higher number of marriages in winter months and higher conception rate in cooler months. The live birth sex ratio is found to be at par with the other world populations. The sex ratio for single live births as well as stillbirths is lowest in winter and for twin births, it is lowest in summer. Single live born neonates are heavier than the stillborn and twin born neonates. Summer live born and winter stillborn single neonates are heavier than those born in other seasons.

Validation of coupled bioassay for inhibin by pituitary cell culture assay.

Studies on the characterization of inhibin and inhibin-like factors have depended for the most part on the classical in vitro pituitary cell culture assay. A major drawback with this assay is the turn-around time which is in the order of two weeks and consequently slows down purification efforts. The 24 h bioassay for inhibin has been found to be sufficiently sensitive and also statistically valid. Unfortunately, based as it is on a secondary response, ambiguities arise in interpreting the results. By including a parallel assay in which the mice are primed with human menopausal gonadotropin rather than human chorionic gonadotropin, it was possible to device the coupled bioassay. This enables distinguishing inhibin-like factors acting to suppress pituitary follicle stimulating hormone output from those acting at the level of gonads. In this study the coupled assay for inhibin has been compared with the classical pituitary cell culture assay in order to assess its biological and statistical validity. The data validates the bioassay on both the above counts and when considered in conjunction with the short turn-around time suggests that this assay can be highly useful in studies on isolation of inhibin from various. sources.

Synthesis in vitro of cholesterol by mitochondria in the shrimp Penaeus aztecus (Ives).

The incorporation of [ 14C ]-acetate, [ 14C ]-mevalonate and [ 14C ]-desmosterol into cholesterol in the muscle mitochondria of the brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus (Ives) is more as compared to that in hepatopancreas. [ I4C ]-Desmosterol is more efficiently incorporated into cholesterol in comparison with [ 14C ]-acetate. The muscle mitochondria from males incorporated more [ 14C ]-mevalonate into cholesterol than those from females, while the converse is true in the hepatopancreatic mitochondria.