Antifungal activity and mechanism of action of monoterpenes against dermatophytes and yeasts

Dermatomycosis causes highly frequent dermal lesions, and volatile oils have been proven to be promising as antifungal agents. The antifungal activity of geraniol, nerol, citral, neral and geranial (monoterpenes), and terbinafine and anidulafungin (control drugs) against seven opportunistic pathogenic yeasts and four dermatophyte species was evaluated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute microdilution tests. Monoterpenes were more active against dermatophytes than yeasts (geometric mean of minimal inhibitory concentration (GMIC) of 34.5 and 100.4 µg.ml-1, respectively). Trichophyton rubrum was the fungal species most sensitive to monoterpenes (GMIC of 22.9 µg.ml-1). The trans isomers showed higher antifungal activity than the cis. The mechanism of action was investigated evaluating damage in the fungal cell wall (Sorbitol Protection Assay) and in the cell membrane (Ergosterol Affinity Assay). No changes were observed in the MIC of monoterpenes in the sorbitol protection assay.The MIC of citral and geraniol was increased from 32 to 160 µg.ml-1 when the exogenous ergosterol concentrations was zero and 250 µg.ml-1, respectively. The monoterpenes showed an affinity for ergosterol relating their mechanism of action to cell membrane destabilization.

Biological potency evaluation and physicochemical characterization of unfractionated heparins

Unfractionated heparins are used clinically as anticoagulants. The biological potency of thirteen samples of raw material and pharmaceutical formulations were assessed utilizing the 5th International Standard of heparin using the sheep plasma coagulation inhibition assay, activated partial thromboplastin time, anti-factor Xa assay, and anti-factor IIa assay, resulting in mean potencies of 101.15 percent, 96.15 percent, 98.15 percent and 99.37 percent, respectively. The samples were also evaluated by the protamine neutralization test giving results within the range of 92 - 138 IU/mg. The anti-factor IIa assay was performed showing reproducibility and significant correlation with the pharmacopoeial assays, thus demonstrating it to be a feasible alternative to the sheep plasma coagulation inhibition assay. Moreover, an analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and capillary electrophoresis showed some peaks attributable to oversulfated chondroitin sulfate. The results show that batch-to-batch variations and the quality of samples contributed to improvements in the quality control of pharmaceutical products and to assure the safe use and clinical efficacy of this biological medicine.

As heparinas não fracionadas são utilizadas clinicamente como anticoagulantes. A potência biológica de 13 amostras de matérias-primas e produtos farmacêuticos foram avaliadas em relação ao 5ª Padrão Internacional de heparina pelos ensaios da inibição da coagulação do plasma ovino, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada, anti-fator Xa e anti-fator IIa, que forneceram potências médias de 101,15 por cento, 96,15 por cento, 98,15 por cento e 99,37 por cento, respectivamente. As amostras foram também submetidas ao teste de neutralização pela protamina que apresentou resultados entre 92-138 UI/mg. Demonstrou-se reprodutibilidade e correlação significativa do ensaio do anti-fator IIa com os farmacopeicos, constituindo-se em alternativa ao ensaio da inibição da coagulação do plasma ovino. Além disso, as análises realizadas por ressonância magnética nuclear e eletroforese capilar mostraram picos correspondentesà condroitina supersulfatada. Os resultados mostraram variações lote-a-lote e a qualidade das amostras contribuindo para aprimorar o controle de qualidade dos produtos farmacêuticos e garantir a segurança e eficácia terapêutica desses produtos biológicos.