ABSTRACT
Natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in many life processes such as in the intermolecular transfer of substances and genetic information exchanges. Investigating the origins and working mechanisms of natural EVs may provide an understanding of life activities, especially regarding the occurrence and development of diseases. Additionally, due to their vesicular structure, EVs (in small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, etc.) could act as efficient drug-delivery carriers. Herein, we describe the sources and biological functions of various EVs, summarize the roles of EVs in disease diagnosis and treatment, and review the application of EVs as drug-delivery carriers. We also assess the challenges and perspectives of EVs in biomedical applications.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for standardizing rational use of set prescription preparation containing Coptis chinensis and its processed product. METHODS： By retrieving 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia·Guidelines for Clinical Drug Use（volume of TCM set prescription）， the inclusion of set prescription preparation containing C. chinensis and its processed product were summarized and analyzed. RESULTS&CONCLUSIONS： There were 127 set prescription preparations containing C. chinensis and its processed product included in 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopeia·Guidelines for Clinical Drug Use（volume of TCM set prescription）， among which， there were 83， 5， 2， 8， 4， 11， 6， 5 and 3 set prescription preparations for internal medicine， surgery， gynecology， pediatrics， dermatology， ophthalmology， pharyngology， stomatology， orthopedics and traumatology， respectively. There were 120 set prescription preparations containing C. chinensis（94.49％）， 2， 4 and 1 set prescription preparations containing prepared C. chinensis with vino， prepared C. chinensis with ginger and prepared C. chinensis with Euodia rutaecarpa， respectively. There were 39， 59 and 29 kinds of set prescription preparations with C. chinensis as main symptoms medicine， assists medicine and complication medicine， which were mainly for clearing heat， drying dampness， purging fire and detoxifying（104 kinds， 81.89％）. Main types included Shexiang niuhuang pills， Gegen cenlian tablets， Kaiwei jianpi pills， etc. By comparing the efficacy of C. chinensis and its processed product， it was found that the names of processed products were not standardized， the labeling of C. chinensis and its processed products were not uniform and the application was not standardized； the related contents still needed to be further improved. It is necessary to strengthen the research on the pharmacodynamic basis and processing standard of C. chinensis and carry out the investigation and correction of relevant publications in order to help improve the rational drug use level of set prescription preparations containing C. chinensis and its processed products.
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Objective To investigate the effect of aldehyde-free fixation solution and aldehyde fixation solution on DNA and cytoplasm of nucleus.Methods The DNA quantification (IOD),discrete coefficient (CV),DNA index (DI) and nucleus area (area) were measured by DNA quantification system (ICM) in 8 different fixation solution;combined with cytological staining,the effects of different fixative solution on nuclear DNA and cytoplasmic staining were analyzed.Results Aldehyde fixation solution was better than aldehyde free fixation solution,the formaldehyde in fixtion solution has important influence on Feulgen-eosin staining.Conclusion Aldehyde fixation solution combined with cytological staining can obtained good dyeing effect,which provides the basis for the subsequent multi-technique joint diagnosis.