ABSTRACT
Resumen La fundoplicatura de Nissen laparoscópica (FNL) es el gold standard del tratamiento quirúrgico de pacientes con reflujo gastroesofágico patológico (RGE), con perfil de seguridad y resultados a largo plazo satisfactorios en un 80%. En la última década, se ha propuesto el uso de un dispositivo de potenciación del esfínter esofágico inferior (MSA) comercializado como LINX® (de Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson), como alternativa a la cirugía antirreflujo. El dispositivo consiste en una cadena expansible de cuentas de titanio con un núcleo magnético diseñadas para aumentar el tono del esfínter esofágico inferior (EEI) y evitar su relajación inadecuada. Los resultados preliminares han sido alentadores, sin embargo, no está exento de complicaciones. Las indicaciones más aceptadas son: RGE con motilidad esofágica normal y sin esofagitis erosiva, hernia hiatal < 3 cm, IMC <35 kg/m2 y pacientes sin cirugías gastroesofágicas previas. Se instala por vía laparoscópica. Los efectos adversos más importantes son: disfagia con necesidad de dilataciones endoscópicas, y, retiro del dispositivo, entre 1% y 7% a los 2,5 años. La mayoría de los estudios tienen limitaciones metodológicas, conflictos de interés, falta de resultados objetivos y seguimientos a largo plazo, impidiendo llegar a conclusiones extrapolables respecto a la eficacia del MSA.
Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication (LNF) is the gold standard of surgical treatment for patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GER), with safety profile and long term results satisfactory in 80%. In the last decade, the use of a Lower Esophageal Sphincter Enhancement Device (LESD), marketed as LINX® (from Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson), has been proposed as an alternative to Anti-Reflux Surgery. The device consists of an expandable chain of titanium beads with a magnetic core designed to increase the tone of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and prevent its improper relaxation. Preliminary results have been encouraging; however, it is not without complications. The most accepted indications are: GER with normal esophageal motility and without erosive esophagitis, hiatal hernia < 3 cm, BMI <35 kg/m2, and patients without previous gastroesophageal surgeries. It is installed by laparoscopy. The most important adverse effects are: dysphagia with the need for endoscopic dilations, and, removal of the device, between 1 and 7% at 2.5 years. Most of the studies have methodological limitations, conflicts of interest, lack of objective results and long-term follow-up, preventing the reaching of extrapolable conclusions regarding the efficacy of MSA.
Subject(s)
Humans , Fundoplication/methods , Prosthesis Implantation/methods , Prosthesis Design , Gastroesophageal Reflux/surgery , Prosthesis Implantation/adverse effects , Comparative Effectiveness ResearchABSTRACT
Resumen La acalasia es un trastorno motor primario de la musculatura lisa esofágica que se caracteriza por disfagia, pseudorregurgitación y baja de peso. El tratamiento puede ser endoscópico o quirúrgico. Sólo se conocen los resultados a largo plazo de la cirugía, mientras que los endoscópicos tienen aún un seguimiento muy corto y no permiten sacar conclusiones valederas. La acalasia es una lesión que tiene una probabilidad significativamente mayor de desarrollar un cáncer esofágico, ya sea de tipo epidermoide, por inflamación crónica y retención de comida en el esófago, o un adenocarcinoma, secundario a reflujo gastroesofágico, que aparece posterior a cualquier tratamiento. Las publicaciones muestran que alrededor de 3% a 4% de los pacientes presentan a largo plazo, sobre 10 a 15 años postratamiento, el desarrollo de un cáncer avanzado del esófago. Se concluye que es indispensable un seguimiento clínico y endoscópico en forma rutinaria a estos pacientes.
Achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the esophageal smooth muscle characterized by dysphagia, pseudoregurgitation, and weight loss. Treatment can be endoscopic or surgical. The long-term results are only known from surgery, while endoscopic results still have a very short follow-up and do not allow us to draw valid conclusions. Achalasia is a lesión that has a significantly higher probability of developing esophageal cancer, whether of the epidermoid type, due to chronic inflammation and food retention in the esophagus, or an adenocarcinoma, secondary to gastroesophageal reflux, which appears after any treatment. Publications show that about 3 to 4% of patients present in time, about 10 to 15 years after treatment, the development of advanced cancer of the esophagus. It is concluded that clinical and endoscopic follow-up is essential in these patients on a routine basis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Esophageal Neoplasms/etiology , Esophageal Achalasia/complications , Esophageal Achalasia/epidemiology , Esophageal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Deglutition Disorders/complications , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Resumen La pandemia por el virus SARS-CoV-2 ha afectado fuertemente los programas de educación quirúrgica. El Capítulo Chileno del American College of Surgeons realizó un webinar para evaluar y discutir los efectos de la pandemia en la educación quirúrgica. Este evento contó con la asistencia de 450 personas de 17 países, incluyendo la participación de destacados docentes del área quirúrgica. Las principales conclusiones de este webinar fueron que la pandemia alteró considerablemente los programas de educación quirúrgica. Un 26% de los residentes se contagiaron, pero la mayoría no precisó cuidados especiales. Las intervenciones quirúrgicas disminuyeron hasta en un 90% en algunos programas. Los residentes debieron asumir el cuidado de pacientes COVID-19. Se han implementado sistemas de enseñanza virtual, como seminarios en línea o webinars, discusión de casos clínicos, videos y simulación. Dichas actividades teóricas, al igual que la simulación quirúrgica fueron evaluadas, mayoritariamente, vía web. Las sociedades científicas han tenido un importante rol en estas actividades. En el futuro, los programas universitarios enfrentarán escenarios con menos pacientes y una reducción de las oportunidades de enseñanza para residentes. Las actividades en línea y simulación adquirirán mayor relevancia. Es posible superar esta crisis como lo han hecho los países desarrollados, comparados con ellos, carecemos de un plan nacional de emergencia en salud, en el que los estudiantes y personal sanitario tengan un rol definido en áreas específicas, con metas concretas. El retorno a la "nueva normalidad" estará lleno de desafíos.
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had an impact in surgical residency programs. The Chilean chapter of the American College of Surgeons organized a webinar to discuss and address the effects of this pandemic on surgical education. This meeting had a virtual attendance of 450 people from 17 countries, including the participation of surgical educators. Conclusions of this webinar were that COVID-19 has strongly affected surgical education programs. Twenty six per cent of residents were infected. Most of them did not need special care. Surgical opportunities have decreased up to 90% in some programs. Residents have had to be involved in managing COVID-19 patients. Changes in surgical education, led to a virtual instruction which includes seminars, webinars, case discussion, videos and simulation. Assessment has been performed of theoretical activities, via web. Simulation tasks also have been evaluated. Scientific societies had a very important role in these activities. In the near future, university programs will face different scenarios in hospitals and clinical centers, with fewer patients and reduced clinical instruction for residents. Online activities and simulation will increase in relevance in years to come. It is possible to overcome this crisis, as some developed countries have already done, compared to them, we lack a national emergency health plan in which medical students, residents, doctors, and all health care providers have a designated role in specific areas with clear goals. The return to "the new normal" will be filled with challenges.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pandemics , Surgeons/education , Internship and Residency , Chile , Education, Medical, Graduate , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción El uso del sistema de visión 3D en cirugía laparoscópica puede significar una mejor performance de los procedimientos quirúrgicos de mayor complejidad. Objetivo Reportar las indicaciones, los resultados y la valoración de un grupo de cirujanos de diferentes especialidades en el uso de visión 3D. Materiales y Método: Se analizan las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los resultados subjetivos y objetivos del uso del sistema óptico 3D (n = 155 pacientes) en cirugía laparoscópica compleja. Para evaluación subjetiva se aplicó a una encuesta de percepción cualitativa a los cirujanos participantes tipo Likert. Para la evaluación objetiva, se registran los tiempos quirúrgicos empleados en los diferentes procedimientos efectuados y las complicaciones postoperatorias y se comparan con los pacientes operados con sistema 2D (n = 783 pacientes) en el mismo periodo. Resultados el 70,6% concuerda tener mejor imagen con la técnica 3D, el 64,7% de los cirujanos refieren que se puede reducir el tiempo operatorio, el 58,8% considera que se puede reducir el error quirúrgico, el 92% y 100% respectivamente afirman que el confort del cirujano es mejor con el uso de óptica 3D y que esta técnica es recomendable para los procedimientos complejos. El tiempo operatorio se redujo en algunos procedimientos, especialmente urológicos. No se encontró diferencias sustanciales al comparar los resultados con el uso de sistema 3D versus 2D en cuanto a complicaciones postoperatorias. En la 3D no se encontró mortalidad postoperatoria, probablemente por el menor número de pacientes de ese grupo. Conclusión La laparoscopia 3D posee una buena valoración por los cirujanos que la emplearon, principalmente en calidad de imagen, reducción del tiempo operatorio y confort del cirujano en comparación con la laparoscopía 2D convencional. No se encontró diferencias sustanciales al comparar los resultados con el uso de sistema 3D versus 2D en cuanto a tiempo operatorio ni complicaciones postoperatorias.
Introduction The use of the 3D vision system in laparoscopic surgery can mean better performance in more complex surgical procedures. Aim Report the indications, results and assessment of a group of surgeons of different specialties in the use of 3D vision. Materials and Method Surgical indications and subjective and objective results of the use of 3D optical system in patients (n = 155) submitted to complex laparoscopic surgery are analyzed. Subjective evaluation based on a survey of qualitative perception (Likert) was applied to the participating surgeons. For objective evaluation, the operatory times and postoperative complications were recorded and compared with the results observed with the use of the 2D system (783 patients) in the same period. Results 70.6% agree to have a better image with the 3D technique, 64.7% of surgeons report that the operative time can be reduced, 58.8% consider that it can be reduced the surgical error, 92% and 100% respectively considered that the comfort of the surgeon is better with the use of 3D optics and that this technique is recommended for complex procedures. No substantial differences were found when comparing the results with the use of 3D versus 2D system by the same surgical teams in terms of operative times and postoperative complications. In 3D, postoperative mortality was probably not found due to the lower number of patients in this group. Conclusion 3D laparoscopy has a good evaluation by the surgeons who used it, mainly in image quality, reduction of operative time and comfort of the surgeon compared to conventional 2D laparoscopy. No substantial differences were found when comparing the results with the use of 3D versus 2D system in terms of operative times or postoperative complications.
Subject(s)
Humans , Laparoscopy/methods , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/methods , Chile , Surveys and Questionnaires , Laparoscopy/statistics & numerical data , Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation , Surgery, Computer-Assisted/methods , Comparative Effectiveness Research , Operative TimeABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción Los pacientes sometidos a desconexión total con cierre al nivel del seno piriforme debido a necrosis completa del esófago y estómago después de la ingestión cáustica representan un desafío quirúrgico para restablecer la ingestión oral y la calidad de vida. Objetivo El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la experiencia con un caso clínico con necrosis total de esófago y estómago posingestión de cáuticos por lo que fue inicialmente sometido a esofagectomía y gastrectomía total. Método La reconstrucción del tracto digestivo superior se efectuó mediante una faringo-íleo-colo anastomosis, con suplemento de irrigación sanguínea arterial y drenaje venoso mediante técnica de anastomosis microquirúrgica. Resultados No se observaron complicaciones postoperatorias mayores y en el resultado a largo plazo se logra alimentación oral normal con una recuperación nutricional adecuada y buena calidad de vida. Conclusión Esta es un procedimiento a plantear en pacientes con estenosis faríngea sin posibilidad de reemplazo esofágico con procedimientos menos complejos.
Introduction Patients submitted to total esophagectomy and gastrectomy with complete closure of pharinx due to necrosis after caustic ingestion are a challenging surgical setting for reconstruction of upper digestive transit. Objective The objective of this paper is to present a clinical case and surgical technique for reconstruction of the upper digestive tract after total esophagectomy and gastrectomy. Method Reconstruction of digestive transit was reestablished by means of a pharyngo-ileo-colonic interposition with microsurgical arterial and venous anastomosis for augmentation of blood supply. Results There were not major postoperative complications and at long term follow-up, normal oral nutrition and quality of life improvement was observed. Conclusion This is a surgical procedure for treatment of patients with pharyngeal strictures without any possibility to indicate other less complex procedures.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Anastomosis, Surgical/methods , Colon/transplantation , Plastic Surgery Procedures/methods , Esophageal Diseases/surgery , Caustics , Esophagectomy/methods , Colon/blood supply , Esophageal Diseases/chemically induced , Microsurgery , NecrosisABSTRACT
Introducción: Chile se caracteriza por ser uno de los países con mayor prevalencia de patología biliar en el mundo. Dentro de los factores de riesgo de la patología biliar se encuentran el sexo femenino, la edad, el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Estos factores asociados a la disminución rápida de peso son característicos de los pacientes obesos sometidos a cirugía bariátrica. Se ha reportado que los pacientes sometidos a esta cirugía tienen una alta incidencia de colelitiasis a 12 meses postoperatorio. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de patología biliar en pacientes obesos sometidos a cirugía bariátrica, y analizar la aparición de esta patología durante el seguimiento postoperatorio a un año. Material y método: Serie de casos retrospectiva, incluyendo 221 pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica, con seguimiento a 12 meses. Se realizó revisión de registros clínicos, consignando peso y ecografía abdominal en el control al año. Resultados: Un 18,09% de los pacientes tenía antecedentes de colecistectomía previa. Un 13,57% de los pacientes presentaba colelitiasis en el preoperatorio y se realizó colecistectomía de forma concomitante en todos ellos. Se realizó seguimiento a un año en 151 pacientes. En las ecografías al año, un 3,54% presentaba colelitiasis. Conclusiones: Existe una elevada prevalencia de colelitiasis en la población sometida a cirugía bariátrica. La aparición de esta patología en el primer año fue menor a la reportada en la literatura. Se debe considerar un seguimiento cercano para la detección de esta patología durante el primer año postoperatorio.
Introduction: Chile is known for being one of the countries with higher prevalence of gallstone disease in the world. Among the risk factors for biliary pathology are female gender, age, overweight and obesity. These factors associated with rapid weight loss are characteristic of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. It has been reported that patients undergoing these surgeries have a high incidence of cholelithiasis to 12 months postoperatively. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of gallstone disease in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, and analyze the occurrence of this disease during the postoperative follow-up up to 12 months. Material and methods: Retrospective case series including 221 patients undergoing bariatric surgery, with follow-up up to 12 months. Review of clinical records and abdominal ultrasound was conducted. Results: A 18.09% of patients had a history of previous cholecystectomy. A 13.57% of patients had preoperative cholelithiasis and a concomitant cholecystectomy was performed in all of them. Follow up was conducted in 151 patients. In ultrasound examinations at one year, 3.54% had cholelithiasis. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of cholelithiasis in the population undergoing bariatric surgery. The emergence of this disease in the first year was lower than that reported in the literature. Patients should be closely monitored for the detection of this disease during the first postoperative year.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Bariatric Surgery/methods , Cholecystectomy/methods , Cholelithiasis/epidemiology , Cholelithiasis/surgery , Obesity/surgery , Cholelithiasis/complications , Cholelithiasis/diagnostic imaging , Obesity/complications , Preoperative Care , Prevalence , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Introduction: Bariatric surgery is effective and safe in treating obese patients with BMI > 40, however, higher preoperative weight could increases morbidity and mortality. Aim: To describe and compare the perioperative and mid term outcomes between hiperobese and morbidly obese patients submitted to gastric bypass. Material and Method: A prospective study of hiperobese patients submitted to gastric bypass over the past 10 years. We analyzed clinical characteristics, perioperative morbimortality and resolution of comor-bidities. The results were compared with a group of morbidly obese patients matched by age and sex. Results: 146 hiperobese were operated and compared with 165 morbidly obese patients. 66.8 percent were female and the average age of the total group was 39.9 +/- 12.4 years, with no significant differences between groups by sex and age. The average BMI was 53 and 44.4 respectively. 21.5 percent had diabetes mellitus 2, 39.5 percent hypertension, 31 percent dislipidemia and 8.4 percent osteoarthritis, with no significant differences between groups except for a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in the morbidly obeses (p = 0.001). 10.4 percent had surgical complications during the postoperative period, with no differences between both groups (p = 0.24). One year later all patients had a significant decrease in weight, however, hiperobeses showed a more pronounced decrease (p = 0.001). The fasting glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels also showed a significant decrease without reaching differences between the groups. Conclusions: The gastric bypass is effective in achieving weight loss and resolution of comorbidities in morbidly obese as well as hiperobese patients, with no significant differences in surgical complications and mortality.
Introducción: La cirugía bariátrica es efectiva y segura en el tratamiento de obesos con IMC > 40, sin embargo, a mayor peso preoperatorio podría aumentar la morbimortalidad. Objetivo: Describir y comparar los resultados perioperatorios y a mediano plazo entre hiperobesos y obesos mórbidos sometidos a bypass gástrico. Material y Método: Estudio prospectivo de pacientes hiperobesos operados de bypass gástrico los últimos 10 años. Se analizaron características clínicas, morbimortalidad perioperatoria y resolución de comorbilidades. Se compararon los resultados con un grupo de obesos mórbidos pareados por edad y sexo. Resultados: Se operaron 146 hiperobesos, que fueron comparados con 165 obesos mórbidos. El 66,8 por ciento fueron mujeres y el promedio de edad fue 39,9 +/- 12,4 años, no encontramos diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos por sexo y edad. El IMC promedio fue 53 y 44,4 respectivamente. El 21,5 por ciento tenía diabetes mellitus 2, el 39,5 por ciento hipertensión arterial, el 31 por ciento dislipidemia y el 8,4 por ciento artrosis, sin encontrar diferencias significativas, a excepción de una mayor prevalencia de dislipidemia en los obesos mórbidos (p = 0,001). Un 10,4 por ciento presentó complicaciones quirúrgicas durante el postoperatorio, no existiendo diferencias entre ambos grupos (p = 0,24). Al año todos los pacientes presentaban un descenso significativo del peso, sin embargo, los hiperobesos presentaban un descenso más acentuado (p = 0,001). Los niveles de glicemia en ayunas, colesterol y triglicéridos también presentaron un descenso significativo sin lograr diferencias entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El bypass gástrico es efectivo en la baja de peso y resolución de comorbilidades tanto en obesos mórbidos como hiperobesos, sin presentar diferencias significativas en las complicaciones quirúrgicas y mortalidad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Middle Aged , Gastric Bypass , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Body Mass Index , Comorbidity , /epidemiology , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Follow-Up Studies , Hypertension/epidemiology , Obesity, Morbid/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications , Prospective Studies , Weight LossABSTRACT
Bariatric surgery is the only effective treatment for morbid obesity. Also, bariatric procedures have shown excellent results in controlling disorders of the glucose metabolism, improvingglycemic control in diabetic patients and achieving remission in 48 to 98% of them. These results are better after surgeries with a malabsorptive effect, such as gastric bypass rather than purely restrictive procedures. In these patients, this improvement in glucose metabolism is observed after a short period of time after surgery, before a substantial weight lost is achieved. This phenomenon suggest that this effect is independent of weight lost anddecreased food intake and there are other mechanisms that explain it. This article explains briefly some theories to understand these mechanisms.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Bariatric Surgery , /surgery , /physiopathology , Glucose/metabolism , Obesity/surgeryABSTRACT
Currently type 2 diabetes and obesity behave as epidemic diseases. Medical treatment achieved adequate metabolic control in a insufficient number of patients and is not exempt of complications. Mean while the group of diabetics with severe and morbid obesity that have been submitted to bariatric surgery have evolved mostly with remission of their diabetes inmedium and long term, so that surgery has become the first choice of treatment. There mision that ensue early in the postoperatory, is not only explained by weight loss, other mechanisms ligated to anatomic and functional changes mediated by surgery are under research. There is a great interest to explore new treatment options for type 2 diabetes including surgery, for patients with mild to severe obesity, with very good initial results.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Body Mass Index , /surgery , Gastric Bypass , Bariatric SurgeryABSTRACT
weight and complications of obesity, seven to 10 years after gastric bypass surgery. Material and Methods: One hundred eighteen subjects with morbid obesity, aged 15 to 66years (103 women), were followed for a mean of 94 months after surgery. Body weight, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides and hemoglobin were measured before surgery and during follow up. Results: At 24 months of follow up, all patients lost weight and there was a mild weight increase at 94 months, that paralleled the preo-perative body mass index. Diabetes, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia subsided in 95, 87 and 94% of cases, respectively. Twenty percent of patients had mild anemia and 11% moderate or severe anemia. No patient recovered the preoperative weight. Conclusions: Weight reducing effects of gastric bypass are maintained after 94 months of follow up with the expected health benefits.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Gastric Bypass , Glucose Metabolism Disorders/therapy , Hypercholesterolemia/therapy , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Weight Loss/physiology , Anemia/etiology , Body Mass Index , Comorbidity , Follow-Up Studies , Gastric Bypass/adverse effects , Glucose Metabolism Disorders/blood , Hypercholesterolemia/blood , Obesity, Morbid/epidemiology , Time Factors , Treatment Outcome , Weight Gain/physiologyABSTRACT
Background: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare malignant tumor that arise from C cells. Surgical treatment and its results are controversial, so we decided to study it. Aim: To describe clinically MTC, treatment and outcomes in the long term. Material and Method: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with MTC operated in our hospital between the years 1987 and 2007. We analyzed the cli-nical characteristics, treatment, morbidity and long-term follow up. Results: There were 24 patients operated with a mean age of 46.1 +/- 16.6 years. The main form of presentation was painless increased cervical volume (56.2 percent). In 15 percent this pathology was part of a MEN 2b. All of them have had a total thyroidectomy, which was extended in 50 percent of cases. The 35.2 percent were multifocal, 29.4 percent bilateral and 62.5 percent had metastatic lymph node involvement. Five patients remained higher calcitonin levéis in the postoperative period and 9 patients recurred clinically on average 4.5 years after surgery. The presence of persistent disease was significantly associated with hereditary MTC (p = 0.0088) and the clinical recurrence was significantly determined by the presence of not expanded total thyroidectomy (p = 0.0196). The probability of surviving more than 19 years was 66.6 percent (95 percent CI = 0.24 to 0.89). Conclusions: The MTC is a rare tumour and treatment of choice is surgery. The persistent disease is associated with hereditary MTC form, and the clinical recurrence is associated with not expanded total thyroidectomy. We recommend total thyroidectomy with central voiding and radical modified jugular dissection.
Antecedentes: El carcinoma medular de tiroides (CMT) es un tumor maligno poco frecuente, originado a partir de las células C. Su tratamiento quirúrgico y resultados son controvertidos, por lo que hemos decidido estudiarlo. Objetivo: Describir clínicamente el CMT, tratamiento y resultados a largo plazo. Material y método: Se revisaron retrospectivamente las fichas clínicas de pacientes con CMT operados en nuestro hospital entre 1987 y el 2007. Se analizaron las características clínicas, tratamiento, morbilidad y seguimiento a largo plazo. Resultados: Se operaron 24 pacientes, cuya edad media fue 46,1 +/- 16,6 años. La principal forma de presentación fue aumento de volumen cervical (56,2 por ciento). Un 15 por ciento formaba parte de una NEM 2b. A todos se les realizó una tiroidectomía total, ampliada en el 50 por ciento de los casos. El 35,2 por ciento eran multifocales, el 29,4 por ciento bilaterales y el 62,5 por ciento tenía metástasis ganglionar. Cinco pacientes mantuvieron niveles de calcitonina elevados en el postoperatorio y nueve pacientes recurrieron clínicamente, en promedio, a los 4,5 años. La enfermedad persistente se asoció significativamente con CMT hereditario (p = 0,0088) y la recurrencia clínica a tiroidectomía total no ampliada (p = 0,0196). La probabilidad de sobrevivir más de 19 años fue 66,6 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento = 0,24 a 0,89). Conclusiones: EL CMT es un tumor raro cuyo tratamiento de elección es la cirugía. La persistencia de enfermedad se asocia con la forma hereditaria, y la recurrencia clínica con la tiroidectomía total no ampliada, lo que nos hace recomendar una tiroidectomía total asociada a vaciamiento central y disección yugular radical modificada.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Carcinoma, Medullary/surgery , Carcinoma, Medullary/epidemiology , Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery , Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology , Clinical Evolution , Calcitonin/blood , Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology , Carcinoma, Medullary/blood , Follow-Up Studies , Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology , Thyroid Neoplasms/blood , Postoperative Period , Recurrence , Retrospective Studies , ThyroidectomyABSTRACT
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a global epidemic. Classical studies have demonstrated the benefits of tight glycemic control, showing a decrease in complications and mortality. Current therapy based on changes in lifestyle and medication accomplishes these goals in an insufficient number of patients. Follow up of obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery has shown us a significant reduction in overweight and control comorbidities. In diabetic patients, there is adequate glycemic control, decreased insulin resistance, and decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin.The pathophysiological mechanisms that explain these effects are being studied, and includes benefits associated with significant and sustained weight loss, and mechanisms independent of weight loss that appear early after surgery. The latter would be due to changes in GI anatomy induced by surgery, including activation of the entero insular axis, exclusion of the foregut, and stimulation of the distal ileum with enhanced incretin production. Since the surgery seems to have an effect on diabetes that is primary, specific and independent of weight loss, authors have suggested de idea of extending surgical indication to diabetic patients with BMI <35. Initial surgical experience in this group of patients show encouraging results, however, at this point there is insufficient data to generalize its indication. The results of on going surgical protocols will help to clarify the role of surgery in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes in patients with BMI <35.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , /complications , /epidemiology , /metabolism , Obesity, Morbid/complications , Obesity, Morbid/diagnosisABSTRACT
Introducción: El cancer de vesícula biliar es una enfermedad muy frecuente en la actualidad, sobre todo en Chile, la India y Japón. La displasia de vesícula biliar es considerada como una lesión que precede la aparición de carcinoma vesicular. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de la displasia de vesícula biliar en nuestro centro hospitalario y conocer sus características histológicas y clínicas. Material y Método: Los datos obtenidos de 1.237 informes de biopsias de colecistectomías realizadas en el hospital durante el año 2003 fueron procesados y analizados. Resultados: La prevalencia de la displasia de vesícula biliar fue de 2,5%. Del total de displasias (31 casos), 12 pertenecen a grado I (38,7%), 14 a grado II (45,16%) y 5 a grado lll-CIS ( carcinoma in situ 16%). La edad promedio en que se detectó la displasia de vesícula biliar fue de 54.7 años, siendo predominante en el sexo femenino con un 74,2%. Discusión: La displasia de vesícula biliar es una patología prevalente que sólo es posible diagnosticar mediante la histología realizada a los pacientes sometidos a colecistectomías.
Introduction: Gallbladder dysplasia is considered a premalignant stage, preceding the appearance of carcinoma. Aim: To assess the prevalence of gallbladder dysplasia in gallbladder biopsies. Material and methods: Review of pathology reports of 1237 gallbladders obtained during cholecystectomies, during 2003. Results: Thirty one reports informed the presence of dysplasia (2.5%). Of these, 12 were in stage 1 (39%), 14 were in stage 2 (45%) and 5 in stage 3-ISC (in-situ carcinoma, 16%). The mean age of patients with gallbladder dysplasia was 54 years. Discussion: Gallbladder dysplasia is common. The pathological study of the excised gallbladders is the only way to make the diagnosis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Carcinoma in Situ , Gallbladder Neoplasms/epidemiology , Gallbladder Neoplasms/pathology , Age and Sex Distribution , Cholecystectomy , Chile/epidemiology , Precancerous Conditions/epidemiology , Gallbladder Neoplasms/surgery , PrevalenceSubject(s)
Humans , Computer Simulation , General Surgery/education , Education, Medical , Models, TheoreticalABSTRACT
El hibernoma o lipoma de grasa parda es un tumor benigno extremadamente infrecuente. Hasta julio del año 2003, solo habría 131 publicaciones sobre este tema en la base de datos MEDLINE, por lo cual, debido a la baja incidencia y prevalencia de este tumor, tanto en Chile como en ele mundo, hemos querido presentar dos casos clínicos de Hibernoma, de localización axilar, operados en el Servicio de Cirugía de Hospital Clínico Regional, Concepción, describiendo los hallazgos anamnésticos, del examen físico y la anatomopatología, realizando una revisión y discusión sobre esta interesante y rara patología.