China Ki String of Pearls ki Neeti V Bharatiya Suraksha

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Spectrum and Pattern of Paediatric Dermatoses in A Tertiary Care Hospital in Faridabad

Background: The prevalence of paediatric skin diseases varies worldwide. Paediatric dermatoses require a separate view from adult dermatoses as there are important differences in clinical presentation, treatment and prognosis. Their characterisation is essential for the preparation of academic, research and health plans. Aim: The study was carried out to find the incidence of skin diseases in children under 15 years of age. Methods: All children below 15 years of age attending dermatology outpatient department for first time were evaluated for various skin dermatoses. Skin diseases were classified into groups like infections and infestations, eczematous, non-infective dermatoses and hypersensitivity reactions. Results: Male children predominated with male female ratio 1.3:1. Infections and infestations were the most common (41.8%) cause of skin dermatoses followed by dermatitis (20.7%), non-infective & autoimmune dermatoses (13.4%) and hypersensitivity reactions seen in 10.8% patients. Miliaria and other physical dermatoses contributed to about 6% of the total cases. Conclusion: Majority of paediatric dermatoses can be grouped into 8 categories. Significant proportion of dermatoses are infectious and eczematous types. Infections are more prevalent in low socio-economic strata and with proper education and creating awareness they can be minimised to a significant extent.

Genetic architecture of HIV-1 genes circulating in north India & their functional implications.

This review presents data on genetic and functional analysis of some of the HIV-1 genes derived from HIV-1 infected individuals from north India (Delhi, Punjab and Chandigarh). We found evidence of novel B/C recombinants in HIV-1 LTR region showing relatedness to China/Mynmar with 3 copies of Nfκb sites; B/C/D mosaic genomes for HIV-1 Vpr and novel B/C Tat. We reported appearance of a complex recombinant form CRF_02AG of HIV-1 envelope sequences which is predominantly found in Central/Western Africa. Also one Indian HIV-1 envelope subtype C sequence suggested exclusive CXCR4 co-receptor usage. This extensive recombination, which is observed in about 10 per cent HIV-1 infected individuals in the Vpr genes, resulted in remarkably altered functions when compared with prototype subtype B Vpr. The Vpu C was found to be more potent in causing apoptosis when compared with Vpu B when analyzed for subG1 DNA content. The functional implications of these changes as well as in other genes of HIV-1 are discussed in detail with possible implications for subtype-specific pathogenesis highlighted.

Antibacterial activity of Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk is small branched annual herbaceous plant with a long history of traditional medicines uses in many countries especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The herb has been known for its curative properties and has been utilized as antimytotoxic, analgesic, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, antihaemorrhagic, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory properties and it is considered as a good rejuvenator too. A wide range of chemical compounds including coumestans, alkaloids, thiopenes, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, triterpenes and their glycosides have been isolated from this species. Extracts and metabolites from this plant have been known to possess pharmacological properties. The present study confirmed the antibacterial potential of aerial parts extracts of Eclipta alba in solvents like acetone, ethanol, methanol, aqueous and hexane against selected gram positive and gram negative bacterial species. The antibacterial studies were done by agar well diffusion methods. The MIC and MBC methods were also used. Hexane extract of showed Eclipta alba high antibacterial activity against S.aureus, B.cereus, E.coli, S.typhi, K.pneumoniae,S.pyogenes and P.aeruginosa. whereas acetone, ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts showed intermediate activity against S.aureus, B.cereus, E.coli, S.typhi, K.pneumoniae, P.aeruginosa, P.mirabilis and S.pyogenes. The inhibitory activities of all the extracts reported were compared with standard antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin 25 μg/ml). An MIC of 90.0μg/ml shown by E.coli and S.aureus was considered to be the best (below 100μg/ml), an MIC of 125.0μg/ml shown by E.coli, K.pneumoni, P.mirabilis and S.typhi was considered to be better (100-500μg/ml) as such by the action of acetone, ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts on test bacterial spp respectively MIC between (500-1000μg/ml) was considered to be good. The aqueous extracts of Eclipta alba showed good activity against S.pyogenes, B.cereus, E.coli and P.aeruginosa. If the dilution was above 1000μg/ml the extract were considered inactive against S.aureus, K.pneumoniae, P.mirabilis and S.typhi. MBC results were similar to MIC results but in the case of MBC the confirmation was made by absence of growth in culture plates after 24 hrs of incubation at 37ºC. A potent antibacterial and hepatoprotective drug could probably be formulated from the plant extract of Eclipta alba to combat the effects of bacterial and hepatotoxic infections.

Removal of melanoidin present in distillery effluent as a major colorant: A Review.

Effluent originating from distilleries contain large amount of dark brown coloured wastewater called molasses spent wash (MSW). This MSW is the unwanted residual liquid waste to dispose because of low pH, high temperature, dark brown colour, high ash content, unpleasant odour and high percentage of organic and inorganic matter. Dark brown colour of MSW is due to the presence of melanoidin pigment. It reduces sunlight penetration in rivers and lakes which in turn decrease both photosynthetic activity and dissolved oxygen concentration affecting aquatic life. So the disposal of this effluent is one of the critical environmental issues. A number of treatment processes have been employed for the distillery waste management. This review paper present an overview of the pollution problems caused by melanoidin and the technologies employed globally for its removal.

Early intervention in developmental delay.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the socio-demographic and clinical profile of children attending Early Intervention Program (EIP). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of case records of 100 consecutive children examined from July 2002 to June 2004. Data regarding socio-demographic variables, clinical profile, locomotor, speech and audiology functions were recorded. Data is described in terms of frequency and mean (with SD). RESULTS: Mean age of these children was 4.0 +/- 1.4 years. 70% were male and a similar percentage hailed from urban areas. 88% were mentally retarded with mean IQ of 50 +/- 24.3. Cerebral Palsy was seen in 50% of the children, learning disorder in 24%, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in 12% and autism in 4%. 25% of children suffered from epilepsy and 66% were unable to communicate verbally. 21% of children had strong evidence of genetic disorders. An etiological diagnosis could not be made in 31% of children. CONCLUSIONS: Awareness of developmental delay as well as of possible interventions is low in India. Speech delay is the only delay which is considered important by parents. Active involvement and early referrals from pediatricians, obstetricians and other specialists is suggested.