ABSTRACT
Con el propósito de modificar conductas alimentarias y sanitarias en los habitantes de comunidades marginadas, a través del desarrollo de conocimientos y habilidades psicosociales encaminadas a promover agencia personal y empoderamiento intrínseco, se desarrolló e instrumentó en México un modelo piloto basado en el programa "Yo quiero, yo puedo? mejorar mi salud y ejercer mis derechos". La evaluación de dicho programa mostró un efecto sobre conocimientos, comunicación asertiva, agencia personal y equidad de género en el personal de los almacenes que surte las tiendas rurales, así como en conocimientos, comunicación asertiva, toma de decisiones y agencia personal en la población meta. Las habilidades psicosociales, los conocimientos y la agencia personal ofrecen oportunidades para superar la pobreza...
Based on the program Yo quiero, yo puedo mejorar mi salud y ejercer mis derechos [I want to, I can improve my health and exercise my rights], a pilot model was designed and implemented in three States of Mexico. This model aims to change nutrition and hygiene behaviors in the inhabitants of marginalized communities, through knowledge and psychosocial skills development facilitating personal agency and intrinsic empowerment. Evaluation of the program showed an effect on knowledge, assertive communication, personal agency and gender equity among the personnel in charge of the warehouses that provide the rural stores, and on knowledge, assertive communication, decision making and personal agency in the target population. Life skills training, knowledge and personal agency promotion enhance opportunities for poverty reduction...
Subject(s)
Feeding BehaviorABSTRACT
Introduction Dating violence, a recent topic in scientific investigation, has an incidence ranging from 22% to 33% among young people. These findings are supported by a previous study that showed that about one third of high school and college students have experienced physical violence from a dating partner. Similarly, National and international studies (e.g. National Survey on Family Relations Dynamics and the International Dating Violence Study) found an incidence of violence between dating partners ranging from 10% to 45% among college students worldwide. Although there is evidence that men also experience violence perpetrated by women and that violence occurs in same sex relationships, the research continues to show that violence is usually perpetrated by men against women. However, past studies have focused on the occurrence of physical violence which signals the possibility that other types of violence, such as emotional or social, have a higher incidence. Their incidence varies and the harmful physical, emotional, and social consequences that they imply point to the need of creating prevention programs targeted at youth populations. It is important to prevent violence in a first stage by raising youth's awareness of this problem and, ideally, also by achieving a change in their behaviors and attitudes as well as in the social norms that promote its occurrence. In order to address all of these components of prevention, programs have been developed that do not only inform youth about violence, but also facilitate the formation of social skills through active participation and role playing which allows individuals to practice new models of interaction that are violence free. In addition, programs have to consider that many schools lack the disposition or the resources to impart long prevention workshops. For this reason, the development of brief prevention strategies has become imperative. The program «I want to, I can… prevent violence: Raising awareness of dating violence through a brief intervention¼ was developed, implemented, and evaluated with the objective of raising youth's awareness and increasing their knowledge about dating violence, its precursors related to gender and cultural norms and its physical, emotional, and social consequences. Materials and method The program consisted of eight interactive conferences imparted at different public high schools in Mexico. The conferences reached a total of 2250 participants in four different urban areas in the country. The conferences consisted of a presentation and different interaction exercises with a total duration of two hours and thirty minutes. The topics covered in each conference were: life skills (assertive communication, negotiation, decision-making), differentiation of the concepts of sex, sexuality and gender and how these are related to violence, what is and how to recognize violence, types of violence, gender roles and stereotypes, how to recognize violence in a dating relationship, and how to express love in a healthy way. A questionnaire, which included the following sections, was developed to assess participants' attitudes toward violence: a) Ability to recognize violence in everyday interactions: Identifying signs of violence in the behaviors and attitudes of characters presented in eight different cases of interactions between dating partners. b) Attitudes toward violence: Rating levels of agreement with statements that promote or discourage violence. c) Causes of violence: Ten causes of violence related to social norms that encourage men's aggression and promote gender inequality are presented; participants must identify the five that are false and the five that are true. d) Healthy ways of expressing love: Recognition of behaviors and signs in a dating relationship that imply the presence or the lack of love. The impact of the conference was evaluated by applying this brief questionnaire to a random sample of participants before and after the conferences. Across all high schools, a total number of 311 questionnaires were completed by participants before the conferences and 184 were completed after the conferences. Ideally, there should have been a longer term follow-up for which no funds were available. An explanatory model within the framework of the Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to analyze collected data. Results The results showed that the conference improved the participants' ability to identify violence and its causes as well as their understanding of healthy ways of expressing love. Responses also indicated favorable attitudes toward nonviolence both before and after the conference. The findings also suggest that participants might require more time to learn how to fully recognize assertive and violent communication as well as false causes of violence and that, ideally, programs should be undertaken to change behaviors not only create awareness and thus be carried out in smaller groups. An analysis of gender differences in responses to the questionnaire shows that women where better able to recognize violence, its causes, and healthy ways of expressing love. Women also had more favorable attitudes toward nonviolence. Discussion The findings show that raising awareness about dating violence through an interactive conference is an efficient brief first stage prevention strategy because it can promote important changes in participants' attitudes through a brief intervention. Participating adolescents showed an increase in their knowledge and awareness about the subject which allowed them to improve their recognition of violence in everyday life. The increase in their ability to recognize healthy ways of expressing love also points to an understanding of romantic relationships that does not exclude autonomy, assertiveness, and honesty. These changes could facilitate the participants' ability to identify myths and misinformation related to the causes of violence. In addition, awareness-raising can initiate a process of questioning and changing social norms that promote gender inequality, jealousy, and control as acceptable forms of violence within dating relationships. Gender differences in the findings suggest that men might need more time than women to fully understand the problem of dating violence which can be attributed to traditional gender role expectations related to violence and gender relationships. This signals the need to increase prevention programs' focus on masculinity, male roles in dating relationships, and how they can express feelings without violence and without limits related to gender stereotypes. The program's achievements indicate the importance of finding strategies that allow large audiences to learn about dating violence, recognize violence in everyday social interactions and understand how to ask for help. The interactive nature of the program goes beyond giving information to a large number of people as it allows participants to practice relationship skills and promotes reflection on the subject of violence. Throughout the program's implementation, schools demonstrated a great interest in raising awareness about dating violence. It would be convenient to utilize their interest in order to further implement prevention programs. The interactive and brief nature of our program allows schools to resolve the problem of lack of time and resources that might deter their participation. Preventing intimate partner violence must begin during adolescence in order to impede the development of unhealthy patterns of interaction that may become harder to change in adulthood.
Introducción La violencia en el noviazgo es un tema reciente en la investigación científica, cuya incidencia en personas jóvenes va de 22 a 33%. Aun cuando hay evidencias de mujeres que agreden a sus parejas masculinas y también existe violencia entre parejas del mismo sexo, la violencia de pareja sigue siendo predominantemente de control del hombre hacia la mujer. La incidencia de este tipo de violencia y sus consecuencias físicas, emocionales y sociales señalan la necesidad de crear programas de prevención en poblaciones jóvenes. Sin embargo, también debe tomarse en cuenta que en muchas escuelas no existe aún la disposición o los recursos para ofrecer talleres de prevención de larga duración enfocados a esta problemática. Por ello, resulta imperioso contar con estrategias breves que lleven a largo plazo a cambios de conductas en los jóvenes. El primer paso para lograr la prevención es la sensibilización en torno a esta problemática, lo cual permite empezar un proceso de cambio de normas sociales sobre el tema. El programa «Yo quiero, yo puedo… prevenir la violencia: Programa breve de sensibilización sobre violencia en el noviazgo¼ se desarrolló, instrumentó y evaluó con el objetivo de sensibilizar e incrementar la información que tienen las y los jóvenes sobre los antecedentes culturales y de género relacionados con la violencia en el noviazgo y sus consecuencias a nivel físico, emocional y social. Material y métodos Se impartieron ocho conferencias en preparatorias públicas en México; el total de participantes fue de 2250. Se elaboraron una presentación y un guión para impartir conferencias interactivas con duración de dos horas y treinta minutos dirigidas a jóvenes de nivel medio superior. Algunos de los temas incluidos en las conferencias fueron: habilidades para la vida, qué es y cómo reconocer la violencia, tipos de violencia, su relación con estereotipos de género y formas saludables de expresar el amor. Asimismo, se desarrolló un instrumento para evaluar conocimientos sobre y actitudes hacia la violencia, dividido en cuatro secciones. El impacto de la conferencia interactiva se evaluó mediante la aplicación de este instrumento antes y después de la conferencia impartida a una muestra al azar de la población beneficiada. Aunque idealmente se recomienda hacer un seguimiento del impacto del programa a largo plazo, la falta de recursos no lo permitió en este caso. Para el análisis de datos optamos por la aplicación de un modelo explicativo dentro del marco de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Resultados Se logró que los participantes tuvieran un mayor reconocimiento de la violencia y de sus causas. También se logró que los participantes identificaran formas saludables de expresar el amor. Asimismo, los resultados demuestran que los alumnos entendieron que en las relaciones de noviazgo se pueden dar situaciones violentas. Discusión Los hallazgos muestran que la estrategia de sensibilización sobre el tema de la violencia, por medio de una conferencia interactiva, es eficiente ya que logra el objetivo planteado. Una conferencia de corta duración puede promover cambios importantes respecto a un mayor conocimiento y sensibilización frente a la problemática de la violencia. Ello facilita la identificación de situaciones de violencia en la vida cotidiana y el abandono de mitos y creencias falsas relacionadas con las causas de la violencia. Este tipo de programas interactivos y breves, que promueven la reflexión y la aplicación de habilidades relacionales, permite resolver problemas de falta de tiempo para la sensibilización en torno a la violencia en el noviazgo. Asimismo, hacerlo con grandes números de alumnos aumenta el beneficio a un menor costo. Las conferencias interactivas como la aplicada en este estudio abren canales de comunicación sobre el tema en los ambientes escolares y propician la formación de redes de ayuda al respecto.
ABSTRACT
En este trabajo se analizan los resultados de la aplicación del programa educacional Porque me quiero, me cuido, denominado actualmente Yo quiero, yo puedo. . . prevenir el cáncer, en poblaciones rurales e indígenas de Valles Centrales, estado de Oaxaca, una de las regiones más pobres de México. Este programa está dirigido a promover el uso de servicios de tamizaje y la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino mediante el cambio de conducta de las personas y la comunidad. Para ello se realizaron talleres interactivos enfocados al desarrollo de habilidades y conocimientos en las mujeres de 15 a 64 años de edad. Estos talleres se complementaron con campañas en la comunidad y talleres para hombres con el fin de conseguir su apoyo. Se cuantificaron las pruebas de Papanicolau realizadas en las 10 poblaciones intervenidas y en 6 poblaciones con características similares empleadas como control. Además se evaluó mediante un cuestionario los cambios en la conducta, los conocimientos y las actitudes. Se observó un numero significativamente mayor de pruebas de Papanicolau realizadas en las poblaciones intervenidas con respecto a las de control (P = 0,02). Se comprobaron cambios positivos en el nivel de conocimientos de las mujeres respecto a las causas del cáncer cervical y las medidas para prevenirlo.