ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Amiodarone is a useful antiarrhythmic drug. Phlebitis, caused by intravenous amiodarone, is common in patients in coronary care units (CCUs).</p><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical chamomile on the incidence of phlebitis due to the administration of an amiodarone infusion into the peripheral vein.</p><p><b>DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS</b>This was a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, conducted on 40 patients (n = 20 per group) in two groups-an intervention group (chamomile ointment) and a control group (lanoline, as a placebo), hospitalized in the CCUs and undergoing an amiodarone infusion into the peripheral vein over 24 h. Following the cannulation and commencement of the infusion, placebo or chamomile ointment was rubbed in, up to 10 cm superior to the catheter and repeated every eight hours for three days. The cannula site was then assessed based on the phlebitis checklist.</p><p><b>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES</b>The incidence and time of occurrence of phlebitis, relative risk, severity of phlebitis were the main outcome measures.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nineteen patients (19/20) in the control group had phlebitis on the first day of the study and one patient (20/20) on the second day. In the intervention group, phlebitis occurred in 13 cases (13/20) on the first day and another two (2/7) was found on the second day. The incidence of phlebitis was significantly different between two groups (P = 0.023). The cumulative incidence of phlebitis in the intervention group (15/20) is significantly later and lower than that in the control group (20/20) during two days (P = 0.008). Two patients in the intervention group did not develop phlebitis at all during the 3-day study. Also, the relative risk of phlebitis in the two groups was 0.68 (P = 0.008 5). A significant difference was not observed with regard to phlebitis severity in both groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It seems that phlebitis occurred to a lesser extent and at a later time frame in the intervention group compared to control group. Topical chamomile may be effective in decreasing the incidence of phlebitis due to an amiodarone infusion.</p><p><b>TRIAL REGISTRATION</b>This protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT2014042017361N1).</p>
ABSTRACT
The physical activity for people with MS largely affects the amount of fatigue. Increased appropriate physical activity tends to decrease the amount of fatigue. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic and aerobic with stretching exercises on fatigue in people with MS. The randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on the members of the MS Society of Tehran, Iran. 120 subjects were admitted between November 2009-April 2011; they were diagnosed with clinically definite multiple sclerosis and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores 1.0 to 5.5 and randomly assigned to two exercise groups and one control group. Outcome assessment was performed at baseline and the end of 3 month period using a checklist containing some demographic, disease variable and fatigue severity scale. The exercises consisted of stretching with aerobic and aerobic exercises. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 18.0. Independent t test showed that there are significant differences between the two exercise groups in the pretest [P<0.005]. Analysis of Variance showed that there were significant differences between the exercise groups before and after the intervention [P<0.001]. Stretching with aerobic exercises showed significant improvement in fatigue compared to aerobic exercises alone.
ABSTRACT
Osteoporosis and related fractures due to discomfort, disability, decreased quality of life and death is a major health problem in the world, According to the importance of recording and reporting Osteoporosis, lifestyle in growth duration, during teenage, is the most risk factor that determines Osteoporosis in adolescents and the elderly. The aim of this study was assessing adolescence lifestyle and its relation with osteoporosis among adolescents in Qazvin, Iran. In this descriptive-analytical study, 300 teenagers were selected by stratified cluster sampling. The scale for data collection was a self-administered questionnaire containing 15 items related to life style. Using SPSS 16, the data were analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. The results showed that the majority of teenagers [71.3%] don't regularly have physical activity. There were significant differences between physical activity patterns of male and female teenagers [P=0.001]. It was shown that female teenagers [66.7%] use more foods containing vitamin D, cola-type beverages and caffeine than male teenagers [34.7%].Only, 26.9% the female teenagers and 33.5% of the male teenagers drink one cup of milk daily. The results showed that 29.3% of male teenagers and 24.3% of female teenagers haven't used any method for facilitating calcium absorption in the body. The findings of this study showed that Iranian teenagers had several known risk factors and unfavorable behaviors. Therefore, modifying teenagers' lifestyle by preventive educational strategies on osteoporosis can help to prevent osteoporosis in adolescents