Current status of infectious diseases among migrants and non-citizens in Malaysia

@#The mass movement of migrants to Malaysia for employment is one of the factors contributing to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases in this country. Despite mandatory health screening for migrants seeking employment, prevalence records of infectious diseases amongst migrant populations in Malaysia are still within negligible proportions. Therefore, the present review highlights the incidence, mortality and overall status of infectious diseases amongst migrants’ populations in Malaysia, which maybe be useful for impeding exacerbation of inequalities among them and improving our national health system thru robust and effective emergency responses in controlling the prevalent diseases found among these populations and maybe, Malaysian citizens too. Peer-reviewed articles from January 2016 to December 2020 were searched through online platform including SCOPUS, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Non-peer-reviewed reports and publications from ministry and government websites including data from related agencies were also scoured from in order to ensure that there are no cases being overlooked, as most published articles did not have migrants as the research subjects. A total of 29 studies had been selected in the final analysis. Migrants in Malaysia were at higher risk for tuberculosis, malaria, lymphatic filariasis, cholera, leprosy and leptospirosis. Lymphatic filariasis was still endemic among this population while thousand cases of TB and cholera had been reported among them due to cramp living conditions and poor sanitation in their settlements respectively. While malaria had gradually decreased and become sporadic, the influx of migrant workers had led to the rising of imported malaria cases. Low cases of leprosy had been recorded in Malaysia but a significant proportion of it was contributed by migrant workers. As for leptospirosis, studies found that there are prominent cases among migrant workers, which particularly highest within workers with lower educational attainment. Infectious diseases are still prevalent among migrants in Malaysia due to various interplay factors including their working sectors, country of origin, immunization status, type of settlement, impoverished living conditions, and language and cultural barriers that impeding access to health facilities.

Public health status of Myanmar refugees in South East Asia: A Malaysian case study

@#The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reports over 80 million people are displaced worldwide with approximately 26.3 million categorized as refugees and over a million residing temporarily in South East Asia. Despite the lack of national legislative framework in place for refugees and asylum seekers (RAS), Malaysia hosts approximately 178,140 as registered with UNHCR and the majority originate from Myanmar. In this review, we examine refugees from South East Asia, particularly from Myanmar that have contributed to the largest influx of refugees to this region with a focus on their health status. The present study traces barriers to the health care of refugees in the country of asylum and also the challenges faced by these communities in accessing health services.

Post-era mass drug administration: an update on intestinal parasitic infections in urban poor communities in Peninsular Malaysia

@#The health impact of a Malaysian national helminth control program which provided school-based anthelmintic chemotherapy from 1974 to 1983 was re-visited after three decades post MDA and associated risk factors amongst urban poor communities identified. Stool samples collected were screened using the formalin ethyl-acetate concentration technique recovered at least one species of helminth and/or protozoan. Despite a steady decline observed between 1974-1983 however, post MDA infections continue to persist in pockets of communities moderately (18.9%; n=39/206) with higher infection recorded amongst PPR flat residents (22.5%, n=16/71). Among risk factors identified, waste management method was the primary factor for Ascaris lumbricoides infections (n=33; 16.0%), whereas age, education, employment and source of drinking water were significant risk factors for cryptosporidiosis. Despite the government’s efforts to improve health through the provision of basic amenities to the general public, higher prevalence values amongst PPR flat dwellers suggests the need to implement targeted chemotherapeutic treatment of, once a year deworming as recommended by World Health Organization when the baseline prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in the community is over 20%, in addition to preventive measures though improvements in health awareness programs and improved waste management methods.

New insights into trypanosomatid U5 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

Several protozoan parasites exist in the Trypanosomatidae family, including various agents of human diseases. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that important differences are present between the translational and mRNA processing (trans splicing) systems of trypanosomatids and other eukaryotes. In this context, certain small complexes of RNA and protein, which are named small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (U snRNPs), have an essential role in pre-mRNA processing, mainly during splicing. Even though they are well defined in mammals, snRNPs are still not well characterized in trypanosomatids. This study shows that a U5-15K protein is highly conserved among various trypanosomatid species. Tandem affinity pull-down assays revealed that this protein interacts with a novel U5-102K protein, which suggests the presence of a sub-complex that is potentially involved in the assembly of U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNPs. Functional analyses showed that U5-15K is essential for cell viability and is somehow involved with the trans and cis splicing machinery. Similar tandem affinity experiments with a trypanonosomatid U5-Cwc21 protein led to the purification of four U5 snRNP specific proteins and a Sm core, suggesting U5-Cwc-21 participation in the 35S U5 snRNP particle. Of these proteins, U5-200K was molecularly characterized. U5-200K has conserved domains, such as the DEAD/DEAH box helicase and Sec63 domains and displays a strong interaction with U5 snRNA.

Pattern of pregnancy weight gain in homozygous sickle cell disease and effect on birth size / Patrones de ganancia de peso gestacional y tamaño al nacer en los casos de anemia de células falciformes

OBJECTIVES: To assess pregnancy weight gain and newborn anthropometry in mothers with homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease and normal controls. METHODS: An eleven-year retrospective review at the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, revealed 128 singleton deliveries in women with SS disease who were matched by maternal age and birth date with 128 controls with a normal AA phenotype. Restriction to those commencing antenatal care before 16 weeks gestation resulted in the final study group of 80 SS patients and 115 AA controls. Weight and height were measured at first antenatal visit and weight at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 38 weeks gestation. Longitudinal regression used mothers'weight as the outcome, genotype as a predictor and gestational age as a random effect. Regression analyses ofmaternal weight on childhood anthropometry were repeated in separate maternal genotypes. Neonatal indices included gestational age, birthweight, head circumference and crown-heel length. RESULTS: Mothers with SS disease had lower weight and body mass index at first antenatal clinic visit (p < 0.001). Total weight gain was 6.9 kg for SS women and 10.4 kg for AA controls (p < 0.001) and weekly weight gain 0.263 kg (95% CI 0.224, 0.301) and 0.396 kg (95% CI 0.364, 0.427) respectively. A significant relationship occurred between birthweight and maternal weight gain at 25-30 weeks gestation in AA controls but this relationship appears delayed in SS disease. CONCLUSION: Different patterns of maternal weight gain in SS mothers and normal controls may have significance for the lower birthweight in SS mothers.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la ganancia de peso gestacional y la antropometría neonatal en madres con anemia de células falciformes (CF) homocigóticas y en controles normales. MÉTODO: Un examen retrospectivo de once años en el Hospital Universitario de West Indies West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, reveló la ocurrencia de 128 partos únicos (e.d. de un solo bebé) en mujeres con la enfermedad de CF, que fueron comparadas sobre la base de la edad materna y la fecha de nacimiento, con 128 controles de fenotipo AA normal. A partir de restricciones a las gestantes que comenzaron el cuidado prenatal antes de las 16 semanas de gestación, se llegó finalmente al grupo de estudio de 80 pacientes con CF y 115 controles con AA. El peso y la altura se midieron en la primera visita prenatal, y el peso a las 20, 25, 30, 35 y 38 semanas de gestación. La regresión longitudinal usó el peso de las madres como resultado, el genotipo como predictor, y la edad gestacional como efecto aleatorio. Los análisis de la regresión de peso materno sobre la antropometría fueron repetidos en genotipos maternos separados. Los índices neonatales incluyeron la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y la circunferencia cefálica. RESULTADOS: Las madres con la enfermedad de CF tenían más bajo peso e índice de masa corporal en la primera visita clínica prenatal (p < 0.001). La ganancia de peso total fue 6.9 kg para las mujeres con CF y 10.4 kg para los controles AA (p < 0.001) y la ganancia de peso semanal 0.263 kg (95% CI 0.224-0.301) y 0.396 kg (95% CI 0.364-0.427) respectivamente. Una relación significativa tuvo lugar entre el peso al nacer y la ganancia de peso materna en las semanas 25-30 de gestación en los controles AA, pero esta relación parece demorada en la enfermedad de CF. CONCLUSION: Los patrones diferentes de ganancia de peso materno en las madres con CF y los controles normales, pueden tener importancia significativa para las madres con CF.

Monk's tonsure-like gaps in the tussock grass Spartina argentinensis (Gramineae)

Monk's tonsure-like gaps develop inside gramineans and other plants. The tonsures of Spartina argentinensis originate as a result of tussock development and disturbance. As the tonsure develops the ring of tillers around it breaks down and new tussocks develop from the fragments, regenerating the grassland matrix vegetatively. The microenvironment inside the tonsure is different from the surroundings and microhabitat-specific taxa grow there.