ABSTRACT
Objective@#To explore an accurate method to obtain an intraoral model of patients with specific limited mouth opening (microstomia) due to systemic scleroderma.@*Methods@#This study followed medical ethics, and informed consent has been obtained from patients. A case of Ken's Type I mandibular dentition defect scleroderma with limited mouth opening was addressed with digital technology as the leading method combined with the traditional impression method of segmental impression. Individual trays were made based on the patient's left and right mandibular dentition, and segmented molds were obtained. Simultaneously, intraoral scanning was performed to obtain the morphological data of both the soft and hard tissues of the upper and lower mandibles. After each part of the model was obtained, the mandibular model was scanned and digitally aligned to form the final denture model, and the final removable partial denture was designed and made by computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology. At the same time, combined with the literature, the diagnosis and treatment of removable partial denture in patients with limited mouth opening were retrospectively analyzed.@*Results@#The denture was well retained and achieved a good repair effect. The patients expressed satisfaction with the mastication efficiency and other functions of the denture. The findings of the literature review show that the integration of digital technology with the traditional impression method, along with computer fitting, can accurately obtain the patient's oral model and facilitate successful follow-up repairs. However, when the anterior mandibular dentition of the patient is absent, the margin of error is increased in this procedure, which deserves further exploration.@*Conclusion@#Utilizing digital technology as the leading method, combined with the traditional impression method of segmental impression, for the repair of dental defects in patients with limited mouth opening, has proven to be effective. Thus, patients report a positive medical experience with high satisfaction, indicating that this approach is worthy of clinical promotion.
ABSTRACT
Objective To conduct signal mining of adverse events(AEs)of allopurinol and febuxostat based on FAE-RS database,and to explore their potential drug risks and promote rational and safe clinical drug use.Methods The adverse event report data of febuxostat and allopurinol in 22 quarters from the first quarter of 2017 to the second quarter of 2022 were ex-tracted from FAERS database,and the signal mining of febuxostat and allopurinol adverse events(AE)was carried out using ROR method and PRR method.Results There were 5 060 AE reports for allopurinol,concentrated in patients aged≥60 years,in-volving 25 items of system organ classification(SOC),mainly in skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases(40.01%).It was found that 12 SOC categories were not mentioned in the instructions.For febuxostat,there were 905 AE reports,involving 17 SOC items,mainly in cardiac organ diseases(40.17%),and 2 items were not involved in the instructions.Allopurinol and febuxostat were as-sociated with infection and infectious diseases(5.51%,0.49%)and hepatobiliary diseases(5.35%,0.87%),However,these as-sociations were included in the instructions of allopurinol.Allopurinol was associated with the reproductive system and breast dis-eases(0.55%),pregnancy,puerperium and perinatal conditions(0.03%),but febuxostat was not found to be involved in the a-bove SOC.Conclusion The inclusion of adverse reactions in the instructions for allopurinol is relatively inadequate compared to buprostat,and the newly discovered involvement of systemic organs and AE can provide a reference for improving allopurinol in-structions.This study found that allopurinol and febuxostat allopurinol and febuxostat involved system differences,which can pro-vide reference for clinical individualized treatment.
ABSTRACT
AIM:To study the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)using the glucose regulated protein 78(GRP78)/CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein(CHOP)pathway and explore the related mech-anism of Wenyang-Shengji ointment in facilitating the repair of diabetic refractory wounds.METHODS:To establish a rat model of diabetic refractory wound repair,Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were fed a high-fat diet and intraperitoneally in-jected with streptozotocin.Subsequently,full-thickness skin defects were induced in the dorsal region of the rats.The ex-periment included 4 groups:normal,model(diabetic refractory wounds),Wenyang-Shengji ointment,and Beifuxin(re-combinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel)groups.The normal and model groups were treated with normal saline after disinfection.In the Wenyang-Shengji ointment and Beifuxin groups,the wounds were topically treated with the re-spective ointments once daily.After 14 d of treatment,wound healing was assessed and quantified using the wound healing rate.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining was employed to examine the micromorphology of the wound tissue.Western blot analysis was performed to measure GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 levels in the wound tissue.Immunohistochemical analy-sis was used to detect the expression and distribution patterns of GRP78,CHOP and caspase-12 in the wounds.Transmis-sion electron microscopy was used to observe reticulum numbers and swelling.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine interleukin-1β(IL-1β)level as a pro-inflammatory factor within the wound.RESULTS:Indexes of each group were assessed 14 d after the corresponding intervention.Compared with normal group,the rats in model group exhibited a significant decrease in the wound healing rate(P＜0.01),accompanied by increased inflammatory exudation and poor granulation tissue growth.Additionally,there were increases in the expression levels of GRP78,CHOP and cas-pase-12 proteins(P＜0.01),as well as a significant elevation in the content of inflammatory factor IL-1β(P＜0.01).In contrast,compared with model group,treatment with Wenyang-Shengji ointment resulted in a significant improvement in wound healing rate(P＜0.01),reduction in inflammatory exudation,and enhanced granulation tissue growth(P＜0.01).Furthermore,there was a notable decrease in the protein expression of GRP78/CHOP/caspase-12 within the wound tissue following treatment with Wenyang-Shengji ointment(P＜0.01).The levels of inflammatory factor IL-1β also showed a sig-nificant decrease(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION:Wenyang-Shengji promotes the healing of diabetic refractory wounds,which may be associated with the downregulation of the GRP78/CHOP pathway,inhibition of excessive ERS,and reduc-tion in the level of wound cell apoptosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the diagnosis and clinical characteristics of atypical severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia abortus(C.abortus).Methods Clinical data of 4 patients diagnosed with atypical severe pneumonia caused by C.abortus in a hospital from January 2021 to November 2022 were collected.Clinical characteristics,dia-gnosis and treatment,and precautions of the disease were comprehensively analyzed.Results All 4 patients were male,aged 63-73 years old,with acute onset,high fever,cough and expectoration.Three patients had a history of contact with poultry,one patient had a history of contact with abortion goat.The interval between the emerging of clinical symptoms and the onset of acute respiratory failure in 4 patients was 1-6 days,and the oxygenation index(PaO2/FiO2)at admission was less than 200 mmHg,which gradually decreased with the progression of the disease,active support with a ventilator was necessary.Two patients had an increase in white blood cell count,4 had an in-crease in neutrophil percentage,3 had a mild decrease in platelet count.Among 4 patients,2,2,3 and 4 patients showed elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,creatine kinase,and serum creati-nine respectively,2 patients had mild hyponatremia,4 patients showed significant increase in C-reactive protein,procalcitonin,and interleukin-6 levels.Four patients'chest CT findings showed main involvement of single or mul-tiple lung lobes,with exudation and consolidation,and later involvement of multiple lobes of lung.The metageno-mic next-generation sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid detected the DNA sequence of C.abortus.Based on the clinical manifestations,contact history,chest CT,and metagenomic next-generation sequencing results of 4 pa-tients,the diagnosis was C.abortus.atypical severe pneumonia.After timely adjustment of the treatment of anti-in-fection regimen based on doxycycline,the patients'condition improved and were discharged.Conclusion C.abor-tus may also cause human pneumonia,which can lead to serious clinical outcome after infection.Patient had a histo-ry of animal contact should be alert to such diseases.Metagenomic next-generation sequencing can detect C.abortus.
ABSTRACT
Objective To compare the prevention and control effects of binocular myopia after wearing orthokeratology lenses or glasses for correction in adolescents with low-to-moderate unilateral myopia.Methods The clinical data of 46 adolescents with unilateral myopia treated in First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University were retrospectively analyzed,the patients were divided into the orthokeratology lenses group and spectacles group according to the correction methods,with 23 cases in each group.The axial length(AL),changes in spherical diopter(SD)and anisometropia between the myopic eye and the control eye with orthokeratology lenses spectacles for unilateral myopia correction,and orthokeratology lenses for unilateral and binocular myopia were compared.Results There was no significant difference in baseline AL,SD or anisometropia between the two groups(P>0.05).One year after unilateral myopia correction,the increase of SD for the myopic eye in the orthokeratology lenses group was less than that in the spectacles group(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference in the AL elongation of myopic eyes between the two groups(P>0.05);the elongation of AL for the control eyes in the orthokeratology lenses group was more than that in the spectacles group;the increase of SD for the myopic eyes in the orthokeratology lens group was lower than that in the spectacles group(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference in the increase of SD for the control eyes between the two groups(P>0.05);the anisometropia of patients in the orthokeratology lenses group was less than that in the spectacles group(P<0.05).The biological parameters of the eyes before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses in the patients with monocular and binocular myopia in the orthokeratology lens group were compared,the elongation of AL for the myopic eyes with lens in one eye was less than that with lenses in both eyes(P<0.05),and the elongation of AL for the control eye was more than that with lenses in both eyes(P<0.05),the increases of SD in both myopic eyes and control eyes were more than those with lenses in both eyes(P<0.05),and the anisotropia was more than that with lenses in both eyes(P<0.05).Conclusion Orthokeratology lenses is better than spectacles in controlling the increase of myopia in low-to-moderate unilateral myopia,which can reduce anisometropia between eyes.However,the AL of the emmetropic eye increases rapidly during unilateral myopia correction by orthokeratology lenses,and the progression of binocular myopia can be significantly delayed after wearing orthokeratology lenses.
ABSTRACT
【Objective】 To analyze the cost and effectiveness of different HIV screening strategies based on multi-center HIV residual risk study, so as to provide reference for blood centers to adopt appropriate HIV testing strategies. 【Methods】 According to the HIV screening and confirmation of blood donors in three blood centers in Anhui Province, the residual risk of different HIV screening strategies was estimated. A decision tree model was established to analyze the cost-effectiveness differences of three different screening strategies under current domestic policies. 【Results】 The residual risk of anti-HIV-1 +2 ELISA, HIV Ag/Ab1+2 ELISA and ELISA+NAT were 1.17×10-6,0.84×10-6 and 0.59×10-6, respectively. According to decision tree model analysis, HIV Ag/Ab1+2 ELISA had a cost-effectiveness advantage over anti-HIV 1+2 ELISA when there was no NAT, but the advantage of HIV Ag/Ab1+2 ELISA disappeared when there was one NAT. The cost of HIV reagents, the cost of HIV treatment and the cost of false positive discarding were sensitive factors of the model. 【Conclusion】 In this area, one anti-HIV 1+2 ELISA combined with one NAT has a cost-effectiveness advantage. Blood centers need to confirm and evaluate the ELISA reagents used before conducting HIV screening. Under the premise of ensuring sensitivity, reagent cost and reagent false positive rate are the key factors.
ABSTRACT
Objective:On the basis of post evaluation,the hospital pharmacy posts are scientifically classified and stratified,and the performance evaluation standard of pharmacy posts is constructed.Methods:The hospital pharmacy posts are classified and stratified by factor comparison method and the post value coefficient is determined.Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process are used to construct the performance evaluation index system of pharmaceutical posts and determine the performance evaluation standards.Results:Pharmacy posts in hospitals are divided into 5 categories,including clinical pharmacists,research pharmacists,static pharmacists,dispensing pharmacists and purchasing pharmacists.The indexes and weights of pharmaceutical post performance evaluation are determined from 4 dimensions:service,process,quality and cost,and the evaluation standard of pharmaceutical post performance oriented to rational drug use is established.Conclusion:The construction of pharmaceutical performance evaluation system meets the requirements of the reform of public hospitals for the transformation and development of pharmaceutical services,which is conducive to enhancing the enthusiasm of pharmaceutical personnel and improving the efficiency and benefit of pharmaceutical services.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the impact of abnormal patterns of 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in the second trimester on the risk of large for gestational age (LGA) newborn deliveries.Methods:General clinical data and OGTT results of 66 290 pregnant women who received regular prenatal care and delivered in Guangdong Maternal and Child Health Hospital from December 24, 2016 to July 26, 2022 were collected. According to the results of OGTT, the pregnant women were divided into 8 groups: normal blood glucose group (normal fasting blood glucose, 1-hour and 2-hour after oral glucose, 54 518 cases), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) 0 group (only abnormal fasting blood glucose, 1 430 cases), GDM 1 group (only abnormal blood glucose at 1-hour after oral glucose, 2 150 cases), GDM 2 group (only abnormal blood glucose at 2-hour after oral glucose, 3 736 cases), GDM 0+1 group (both fasting blood glucose and 1-hour after oral glucose were abnormal, 371 cases), GDM 0+2 group (both fasting blood glucose and 2-hour after oral glucose were abnormal, 280 cases), GDM 1+2 group (abnormal blood glucose at 1-hour and 2-hour after oral glucose, 2 981 cases) and GDM 0+1+2 group (abnormal fasting blood glucose, 1-hour and 2-hour after oral glucose, 824 cases). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the effects of different abnormal OGTT patterns on LGA. In addition, the blood glucose measurements at the three time points of OGTT were combined and used as continuous variables in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the predictive value of each blood glucose measurement mode for LGA and the area under the curve (AUC) was compared.Results:(1) Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risks of LGA were significantly increased in GDM 0 group ( OR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.50-2.08; P<0.001), GDM 0+1 group ( OR=2.29, 95% CI: 1.72-3.04; P<0.001), and GDM 0+1+2 group ( OR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.61-2.43; P<0.001). (2) ROC curve analysis showed that fasting blood glucose, 1-hour after oral glucose, 2-hour after oral glucose, fasting+1-hour after oral glucose, fasting+2-hour after oral glucose, 1-hour+2-hour after oral glucose, and fasting+1-hour+2-hour after oral glucose had certain predictive value for LGA (all P<0.001). The AUC of fasting blood glucose measurement was higher than that of 2-hour blood glucose measurement in predicting LGA, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the AUC between fasting blood glucose and other blood glucose measurement modes for predicting LGA (all P>0.05). Conclusions:In the abnormal OGTT patterns, pregnant women with abnormal fasting blood glucose, abnormal fasting+1-hour after oral glucose, and abnormal fasting+1-hour+2-hour after oral glucose have an increased risk of LGA. Fasting blood glucose measurement is of great significance for the prediction of LGA, and could be used as an optimal indicator to evaluate the risk of LGA in clinical practice.
ABSTRACT
Objective To improve the survival rate and life quality of peritoneal dialysis(PD)patients,we es-tablished a retraining model based on ADDIE model,including optimizing the content,form and frequency.Methods From January 1,2022 to May 3,2023,based on the 5 stages of ADDIE model,we investigated the needs of pa-tients,invited 55 experts in the peritoneal dialysis field to design the final draft of the retraining model through 2 rounds of Delphi expert consultations,and 23 peritoneal dialysis patients were preexperimented to evaluate and re-vise the retraining model.Results The questionnaire recovery rates of the 2 rounds of expert consultation were 100％and 96.36％,respectively.The coordination coefficients of the first-level catalog were 0.379 and 0.384,and the coordination coefficients of the second-level catalog were 0.446 and 0.427,respectively.The Chi-square test showed that P＜0.05,indicating statistical significance.The content of the retraining model included 4 sections,33 subdirectories and 9 training forms,which were combined online and offline.The training frequency was different due to the different contents,and the single content of a single training form was mainly 15 min.Conclusion The PD patient retraining model constructed in this study is scientific,reliable and innovative.Its content is easy to un-derstand and diverse in forms.The training duration and frequency are in line with the memory rule,and the eval-uation takes into account both process and result.
ABSTRACT
Blockchain technology integrates a series of complex technologies such as distributed accounting,peer-to-peer transmission,cryptography,smart contracts,consensus algorithms,etc.,providing services for controlling,storing,sharing,and managing data.At present,clinical nursing data is growing exponentially,and blockchain technology can be well used to process a large amount of clinical nursing data,bringing many advantages to clinical nursing.This article provides an overview of the current research status of blockchain technology in clinical nursing,with a focus on application types,advantages,and difficulties and challenges in the application process.It also proposes suggestions for designing data models and formats that meet specifications and standards,providing decision support for the application and development of blockchain technology in clinical nursing in China,thereby improving the quality of nursing services.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the classification and influencing factors of family resilience and post-traumatic growth in patients with spinal tumor.Methods:A cross-sectional investigation was conducted among 219 inpatients with spinal tumor admitted from July 2021 to July 2022. The General Demographic Information questionnaire, Chinese-Family Resilience Assessment Scale, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Family Crisis-Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES), and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) were used in the study. The ordinal and multivariate logistic regression analyses was applied to identify the factors associated with the classification of family resilience and post-traumatic growth.Results:Of the 219 patients, there were 62 cases of primary spinal tumors (28.3%). According to the results of latent profile analysis, the respondents were classified into three categories by family resilience and post-traumatic growth, namely family difficulty-resistant type ( n=38, 17.4%), general resilience-struggle type ( n=99, 45.2%) and family adaptation-growth type ( n=82, 37.4%). There were significant differences in occupational status, commitment to housework, family atmosphere( χ2=10.75, P=0.025; χ2=6.95, P=0.031; χ2=11.37, P=0.017), and total score of F-COPES and SSRS ( F=25.95, P<0.001; F=19.06, P<0.001)among three groups. Ordinal and multivariate logisitc regression analyses showed that retirement ( OR=2.928, 95% CI:1.098-7.808, P<0.05), family coping ( OR=1.113, 95% CI:1.063-1.165, P<0.05), and social support ( OR=1.226, 95% CI:1.103-1.362, P<0.05) were independently associated with family resilience and post-traumatic growth in patients with spinal tumor. Conclusion:Patients with spinal tumor have significant differences in characteristics by family resilience and post-traumatic growth. As a result, more targeted interventions should be provided for different categories of spinal tumor patients in the future.
ABSTRACT
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common chronic neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood.It is mainly manifested as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are inconsistent with the development level, which may lead to multiple functional impairments and place heavy burdens on individuals, families, and society.Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) is a first-line treatment drug for ADHD, which is widely used in clinical practice.However, some patients have no response to drug treatment and adverse reactions often cause premature termination of treatment.Introducing the concept of pharmacogenetics into MPH treatment may open new avenues for individualized interventions of ADHD.This paper aims to review the impact of pharmacogenetics on MPH treatment in children with ADHD and to provide references for clinical drug treatment and management.
ABSTRACT
The domestic and international research progress on the regulation of gut microbiota by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) ingredients and their impact on intestinal absorption and transportation were summarized, which provided assistance for subsequent clinical rational drug use targeting gut microbiota. Literature on the relationship between gut microbiota and intestinal absorption and transportation in recent years were reviewed and analyzed, and the mechanism of TCM ingredients regulating gut microbiota on drug absorption and transportation was elucidated. Research has found that TCM ingredients alter gut microbiota, thereby affecting intestinal barrier function and absorption of transport proteins, which is of great significance for rational clinical medication.
ABSTRACT
The analysis of ammonia nitrogen in real water samples is challenging due to matrix interferences and difficulties for rapid on-site analysis.On the basis of the standard method,i.e.water quality-determination of ammonia nitrogen-salicylic acid spectrophotometry(HJ 536-2009),a simple device for online detecting ammonia nitrogen was developed using a sequential injection analysis(SIA)system in this work.The ammonia nitrogen transformation system,color reaction system,and detection system were built in compatible with the SIA system,respectively.In particular,the detection system was assembled by employing light-emitting diode as the light source,photodiode as the detector,and polyvinylchloride tube as the cuvette,thus significantly reducing the volume,energy consumption and fabricating cost of the detection system.As a result,the accurate analysis of ammonia nitrogen in complex water samples was achieved.A quantitative detection of ammonia nitrogen in water sample was obtained in 12 min,along with linear range extending to 1000 μmol/L,precisions(Relative standard deviation,RSD)of 4.3%(C=10 μmol/L,n=7)and 4.2%(C=500 μmol/L,n=7),and limit of detection(LOD)of 0.65 μmol/L(S/N=3,n=7).The results of interfering experiments showed that the detection of ammonia nitrogen by the developed device was not interfered by the common coexisting ions and components,therefore the environmental water could be directly analyzed,such as reservoir water,domestic sewage,sea water and leachate of waste landfill.The analytical results were consistent with those obtained by the environmental protection standard method(Water quality determination of ammonia nitrogen-salicylic acid spectrophotometry,HJ 536-2009).In addition,the spiking recoveries were in the range of 92.3%-98.1%,further confirming the accuracy and practicality of the developed device.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the diffusion distribution of bone cement in the vertebral body by quadrant method,and to analyze and evaluate the correlation between the diffusion distribution type of bone cement and new vertebral fractures after vertebral augmentation.Methods A total of 170 subjects who met the conditions from January 2020 to December 2021 were collected.According to the anteroposterior and lateral view of the spine,the injured vertebra was divided into four quadrants,and divided into homogeneous diffusion group and uneven diffusion group according to the postoperative diffusion distribution of bone cement in the injured vertebra.The incidence and types of refracture were followed up,and the VAS score and Cobb angle were compared between the two groups.Results 170 patients were followed up for at least 12 months,including 90 patients in homogeneous diffusion group and 80 patients in heterogeneous diffusion group.There were 33 cases of refracture(19.41％),12 cases of refracture(13.33％)in the diffuse homogeneous group,and 21 cases of refracture(26.25％)in the diffuse heterogeneous group,and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The site of refracture in the diffuse homogeneous group was mainly the clinical vertebral fracture,while the probability of refracture in the diffuse heterogeneous clinical vertebra and the operated vertebra was similar.The incidence of postoperative bone cement leakage in the diffuse homogeneous group was significantly lower than that in diffuse heterogeneous group(P＜0.05).The VAS score and Cobb angle were significantly improved in both groups after surgery and at the last follow-up compared with those before surgery,but there was no significant difference between groups.Conclusion The incidence of new vertebral fractures after vertebroplasty is closely related to the type of cement diffusion,and the risk of refracture defined as uneven cement diffusion by quadrant method is high.
ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the effect of the socket-shield technique (SST) concurrent with immediate implant placement and provisionalization (IIPP) in the aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth.@*Methods@#A case of maxillary anterior tooth stumps with a thin labial bone wall was treated with SST for preservation of labial soft and hard tissue fullness, combined with an immediate implant placement and immediate provisional crown for restoring the shape of the tooth and gingival molding@*Results@#Immediate implant placement and provisionalization restored the morphology and function of the affected tooth in the shortest possible time. The patient's labial soft and hard tissue contours in the affected tooth area were well preserved in the 18-month follow-up after the application of the SST, which presented a better aesthetic result. The literature review indicates that the indications for SST are unrestorable maxillary anterior teeth, whose dental, periodontal and periapical tissues are healthy and intact. In the esthetic zone, root shielding is effective in maintaining the soft and hard tissue contour on the labial side of the implant. However, there is no consensus on the technical details of SST, such as the ideal coronal height and thickness of the shield, and the management of the gap between the shield and the implant. Thus, more clinical studies and histologic evidence are needed to provide a reference for clinical decision-making. In addition, digital technology can improve the accuracy of implant placement and shield preparation.@*Conclusion@#The correct application of SST combined with IIPP in the esthetic zone can ensure esthetic results. However, more high-quality evidence-based medical evidence is needed for its long-term efficacy, and indications should be strictly controlled during clinical application.
ABSTRACT
Endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) is widely distributed in various organisms. The first reported ENGase activity was detected in Diplococcus pneumoniae in 1971. The protein (Endo D) was purified and its peptide sequence was determined in 1974. Three ENGases (Endo F1-F3) were discovered in Flavobacterium meningosepticum from 1982 to 1993. After that, the activity was detected from different species of bacteria, yeast, fungal, plant, mice, human, etc. Multiple ENGases were detected in some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Trichoderma atroviride. The first preliminary crystallographic analysis of ENGase was conducted in 1994. But to date, only a few ENGases structures have been obtained, and the structure of human ENGase is still missing. The currently identified ENGases were distributed in the GH18 or GH85 families in Carbohydrate-Active enZyme (CAZy) database. GH18 ENGase only has hydrolytic activity, but GH85 ENGase has both hydrolytic and transglycosylation activity. Although ENGases of the two families have similar (β/α)8-TIM barrel structures, the active sites are slightly different. ENGase is an effective tool for glycan detection andglycan editing. Biochemically, ENGase can specifically hydrolyze β‑1,4 glycosidic bond between the twoN-acetylglucosamines (GlcNAc) on core pentasaccharide presented on glycopeptides and/or glycoproteins. Different ENGases may have different substrate specificity. The hydrolysis products are oligosaccharide chains and a GlcNAc or glycopeptides or glycoproteins with a GlcNAc. Conditionally, it can use the two products to produce a new glycopeptides or glycoprotein. Although ENGase is a common presentation in cell, its biological function remains unclear. Accumulated evidences demonstrated that ENGase is a none essential gene for living and a key regulator for differentiation. No ENGase gene was detected in the genomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three other yeast species. Its expression was extremely low in lung. As glycoproteins are not produced by prokaryotic cells, a role for nutrition and/or microbial-host interaction was predicted for bacterium produced enzymes. In the embryonic lethality phenotype of the Ngly1-deficient mice can be partially rescued by Engase knockout, suggesting down regulation of Engase might be a solution for stress induced adaptation. Potential impacts of ENGase regulation on health and disease were presented. Rabeprazole, a drug used for stomach pain as a proton inhibitor, was identified as an inhibitor for ENGase. ENGases have been applied in vitro to produce antibodies with a designated glycan. The two step reactions were achieved by a pair of ENGase dominated for hydrolysis of substrate glycoprotein and synthesis of new glycoprotein with a free glycan of designed structure, respectively. In addition, ENGase was also been used in cell surface glycan editing. New application scenarios and new detection methods for glycobiological engineering are quickly opened up by the two functions of ENGase, especially in antibody remodeling and antibody drug conjugates. The discovery, distribution, structure property, enzymatic characteristics and recent researches in topical model organisms of ENGase were reviewed in this paper. Possible biological functions and mechanisms of ENGase, including differentiation, digestion of glycoproteins for nutrition and stress responding were hypothesised. In addition, the role of ENGase in glycan editing and synthetic biology was discussed. We hope this paper may provide insights for ENGase research and lay a solid foundation for applied and translational glycomics.
ABSTRACT
Protein as the allergens could lead to allergy. In addition, a widespread class of allergens were known as glycans of N-glycoprotein. N-glycoprotein contained oligosaccharide linked by covalent bonds with protein. Recently,studies implicated that allergy was associated with glycans of heterologous N-glycoprotein found in food, inhalants, insect toxins, etc. The N-glycan structure of N-glycoprotein allergen has exerted an influence on the binding between allergens and IgE, while the recognition and presentation of allergens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) were also affected. Some researches showed thatN-glycan structure of allergen was remodeled by N-glycosidase, such as cFase I, gpcXylase, as binding of allergen and IgE partly decreased. Thus, allergic problems caused by N-glycoproteins could potentially be solved by modifying or altering the structure ofN-glycoprotein allergens, addressing the root of the issue. Mechanism of N-glycans associated allergy could also be elaborated through glycosylation enzymes, alterations of host glycosylation. This article hopes to provide a separate insight for glycoimmunology perspective, and an alternative strategy for clinical prevention or therapy of allergic diseases.
ABSTRACT
BackgroundStroke patients commonly experience varying degrees of psychological distress. Previous studies have shown that the psychological distress of stroke patients is closely related to their coping styles and resourcefulness. However， the path of wisdom in coping style and psychological pain of stroke patients is still unclear. ObjectiveTo explore the path of resourcefulness between coping styles and psychological distress in stroke patients， so as to provide insights for interventions targeting psychological distress. MethodsA total of 350 patients who met the diagnostic criteria for stroke according to the Diagnostic Criteria of Cerebrovascular Diseases in China （version 2019） and were admitted to the neurology departments of two tertiary grade-A hospitals in Luzhou City from January to May 2023 were selected as the research subjects. Basic information was collected using a self-designed questionnaire， and Resourcefulness Scale （RS）， Medical Coping Mode Questionnaire （MCMQ） and Distress Thermometer （DT） were used for assessment. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the correlation between the scores of each scale. Model 4 of the Process 3.4.1 program was employed to analyze the path of resourcefulness between coping styles and psychological distress， and the Bootstrap method was used to test the mediation effects. ResultsThe DT score showed a negative correlation with the confrontation and RS scores （r=-0.581， -0.716， P<0.01）， and a positive correlation with the avoidance and resignation scores （r=0.432， 0.758， P<0.01）. The confrontation score was positively correlated with RS score （r=0.700， P<0.01）， while the avoidance and resignation scores were negatively correlated with RS score （r=-0.460， -0.566， P<0.01）. Resourcefulness might serve as a mediating path between confrontation， avoidance， resignation， and psychological distress， with the effect value of -0.359， 0.203 and 0.183， accounting for 81.78%， 62.65% and 27.07% of the path effect， respectively. ConclusionThe coping styles of stroke patients can directly affect their psychological distress， and can also indirectly influence it through resourcefulness. Resourcefulness may play a mediating role between coping styles and psychological distress. ［Funded by Health Humanities Research Center， Zigong Key Research Base for Philosophy and Social Sciences （number， JKRWY22-27）］
ABSTRACT
Background/Aims@#Low educational attainment is a well-established risk factor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in developed areas. However, the association between educational attainment and the risk of NAFLD is less clear in China. @*Methods@#A cross-sectional study including over 200,000 Chinese adults across mainland China was conducted. Information on education level and lifestyle factors were obtained through standard questionnaires, while NAFLD and advanced fibrosis were diagnosed using validated formulas. Outcomes included the risk of NAFLD in the general population and high probability of fibrosis among patients with NAFLD. Logistic regression analysis was employed to estimate the risk of NAFLD and fibrosis across education levels. A causal mediation model was used to explore the potential mediators. @*Results@#Comparing with those receiving primary school education, the multi-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for NAFLD were 1.28 (1.16 to 1.41) for men and 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) for women with college education after accounting for body mass index. When considering waist circumference, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.94 (0.86 to 1.04) for men and 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) for women, respectively. The proportions mediated by general and central obesity were 51.00% and 68.04% for men, while for women the proportions were 48.58% and 32.58%, respectively. Furthermore, NAFLD patients with lower educational attainment showed an incremental increased risk of advanced fibrosis in both genders. @*Conclusions@#In China, a low education level was associated with a higher risk of prevalent NAFLD in women, as well as high probability of fibrosis in both genders.