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Objective:To understand the temporal and spatial characteristics of fluoride in rural drinking water in Jinan City.Methods:From 2015 to 2018, the factory water and terminal water samples of centralized rural water supply system were collected from all townships (streets) in 7 agriculture-related districts (counties) in Jinan City during dry season and high water season. Water samples were collected, stored, transported and tested in accordance with the "Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750-2006). The time, region, endemic areas (Zhangqiu, Jiyang, Shanghe, Licheng, Changqing) and non-endemic areas (Pingyin, Tianqiao) of drinking water type fluorosis, water periods (dry season and high water season), water samples (factory water and terminal water), water sources (shallow well water, deep well water, river water and reservoir water) of water fluorine were analyzed descriptively.Results:A total of 1 638 water samples were collected from 2015 to 2018, the median of water fluorine was 0.400 mg/L, ranging from 0.002 to 2.700 mg/L. The differences in water fluorine of different year (0.400, 0.430, 0.490, 0.360 mg/L) were statistically significant ( H = 33.907, P < 0.01). Total water fluorine excess rate was 5.49% (90/1 638), there were 3 districts with water fluorine excess, namely Jiyang [26.11% (59/226)], Zhangqiu [6.12% (30/490)] and Licheng [0.53% (1/188)]. The median of water fluorine in endemic areas (1 398 samples) was 0.420 mg/L, the non-endemic areas (240 samples) was 0.320 mg/L, and the water fluorine in endemic areas was significantly higher than that in non-endemic areas ( Z =-6.490, P < 0.01). The water fluorine excess rate in endemic areas was 6.44% (90/1 398), and there was no water fluorine excess in non-endemic areas. The median of water fluorine in both dry season (819 samples) and high water season (819 samples) was 0.400 mg/L. The median of water fluorine of factory water (392 samples) was 0.320 mg/L, the terminal water (1 246 samples) was 0.450 mg/L, and the water fluorine of terminal water was significantly higher than that of factory water ( Z =-6.881, P < 0.01). The water fluorine excess rates of shallow well water and deep well water were 31.76% (47/148) and 3.82% (43/1 126), respectively, and there were no water fluorine excess in river water and reservoir water. Conclusions:Fluoride of drinking water in rural areas of Jinan City exceeds the standard, mainly concentrated in Jiyang District. The water fluorine in endemic areas is higher than that in non-endemic areas, water fluorine of terminal water is higher than that of factory water, shallow well water and deep well water as the sources of water has excessive water fluoride, and the general survey and detection of fluoride content in residents' drinking water should be continuously carried out.
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Objective@#To study the epidemiological characters and risk factors of primary intussusception among children who were ≤2 years old in Jinan city.@*Methods@#A retrospective study was also applied to collect the disease information of inpatient cases through hospital information system of inpatient during 2011 and 2015. The attack rate (AR) was calculated in total and each year, respectively. 1∶1 matched pared case-control study was conducted to explore the risk factors of primary intussusception. A total of new confirmed 93 residential cases were enrolled with ≤2 years old, diagnosed as primary intussusception or diseases coded as K56.1 according to the International Classification of Diseases, tenth version (ICD-10), and without any other reason for organic lesions. The 93 patients without primary intussusception inpatients were selected from the same hospital and departments as the controls, and matched with the cases as the same gender, ±3 months old, and disease onset within 7 days, visiting the hospital during January 1, 2016 and June 30, 2016. Clinical and epidemiological information was collected both from cases and controls. The difference of AR among different years was compared by Trend Chi-squiare test, and difference between gender, month old and regions was compared by Chi-squiare test, respectively. Multiple-variables factor analysis was applied to analysis the risk factors of cases compared with controls by conditional logistic regression model.@*Results@#A total of 574 cases were found and the overall AR was 86.3 per 100 000. A significant decreasing trend (χ2trend=23.43, P<0.001) of AR was showed between 2011 and 2015, with the highest AR in 2011 (117.6 per 100 000), and the lower AR in 2014 (66.0 per 100 000). The lowest AR was also observed in male (106.9 per 100 000) compared with the female (63.2 per 100 000) (χ2=13.76, P<0.001), and in ≤12 months old (102.1 per 100 000) compared with the >12 months old (70.4 per 100 000) (χ2=19.46, P<0.001). The higher proportion of 57.1% (328/574) was found in 4-12 months old cases. The cases with an overweight before illness (OR=4.98, 95%CI: 1.27-19.50), with mixed feeding of breast-milk and milk-powder (OR=16.90, 95%CI: 5.25-54.20), and with instruction of solid food before 6 months old (OR=16.50, 95%CI: 1.91-143.10) could increase the risk of illness compared with keeping a healthy weight, breast feeding, and instruction of solid food after 6 months old, separately.@*Conclusion@#A higher attack rate of primary intussusception in children with a ≤2 years old in Jinan was observed. Male and 4-12 months group had a higher risk. Body weight, breast feeding, and the instruction of solid food before and after 6 months old were related to the risk of primary intussusception among children who were ≤2 years old.
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Objective@#To study the current situation and distribution characteristics of pesticide poisoning in Ji'nan area, and to provide the basis for formulating the policy of scientific prevention and control of pesticide poisoning.@*Methods@#The cases of pesticide poisoning from 2012 to 2016 were collected from medical institutions in Ji'nan, and the data was subjected to statistical analysis.@*Results@#From 2012 to 2016 in Ji'nan reported a total of 2 237 cases of pesticide poisoning, non productive pesticide poisoning cases (72.78%, 2 149/2 237) and mortality (17.73%, 381/2 149) was significantly higher than that of productive pesticide poisoning. The average age is 46.78±18.57. The highest mortality rate of pesticide poisoning is more than 70 age group of the non productive pesticide poisoning. Organophosphorus pesticides (67.68%, 1 514/2 237) are the main pesticides causing poisoning, followed by herbicide (23.74%, 531/2 237). The highest mortality rate of pesticide was Paraquat (36.45%, 160/439), the second is the dichlorvos (19.19%, 170/886).@*Conclusion@#Pesticide poisoning is a public health problem and social problem which is harmful to the health of the residents in Ji'nan. It is necessary to strengthen the control and management of high toxic pesticides. Pay attention to the psychological intervention of elderly people to reduce the incidence of pesticide poisoning.
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Objective To estimate the influence of the ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution on the hospital outpatient department visit due to respiratory diseases in local residents in Jinan quantitatively.Methods Time serial analysis using generalized addictive model (GAM) was conducted.After controlling the confotmding factors,such as long term trend,weekly pattern and meteorological factors,considering lag effect and the influence of other air pollutants,the excess relative risks of daily hospital visits associated with increased ambient PM10 and PM2.5 levels were estimated by fitting a Poisson regression model.Results A 10 μtg/m3 increase of PM10 and PM2.5 levels was associated with an increase of 0.36％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.43％) and 0.50％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.70％) respectively for hospital visits due to respiratory diseases.Lag effect of 6 days was strongest,the excess relative risks were 0.65％ (95％ CI:0.58％-0.71％) and 0.54％ (95％ CI:0.42％-0.67％) respectively.When NO2 concentration was introduced,the daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease increased by 0.83％ as a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10 concentration (95％CI:0.76％-0.91％).Conclusion The ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was positively associated with daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease in Jinan,and ambient NO2 concentration would have the synergistic effect.
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Objective To estimate the influence of the ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution on the hospital outpatient department visit due to respiratory diseases in local residents in Jinan quantitatively.Methods Time serial analysis using generalized addictive model (GAM) was conducted.After controlling the confotmding factors,such as long term trend,weekly pattern and meteorological factors,considering lag effect and the influence of other air pollutants,the excess relative risks of daily hospital visits associated with increased ambient PM10 and PM2.5 levels were estimated by fitting a Poisson regression model.Results A 10 μtg/m3 increase of PM10 and PM2.5 levels was associated with an increase of 0.36％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.43％) and 0.50％ (95％ CI:0.30％-0.70％) respectively for hospital visits due to respiratory diseases.Lag effect of 6 days was strongest,the excess relative risks were 0.65％ (95％ CI:0.58％-0.71％) and 0.54％ (95％ CI:0.42％-0.67％) respectively.When NO2 concentration was introduced,the daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease increased by 0.83％ as a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM10 concentration (95％CI:0.76％-0.91％).Conclusion The ambient PM10 and PM2.5 pollution was positively associated with daily hospital visits due to respiratory disease in Jinan,and ambient NO2 concentration would have the synergistic effect.
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Objective To establish a method for simulataneous determination of 18 free amino acids in snake venom. Methods Preparation of free amino acid samples by membrane. HPLC analysis was performed after derivatization by using phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) as a derivative reagent, samples were analyzed on Ultimate LP-C18 column with gradient elution column of 0.05 mol/L sodium acetate buffer and methanol-acetonitrile- water (40:40:20), and current speed was1.0 mL/min, and the column temperature was set at 35℃, and detection wavelength was 254nm. Results The 18 kinds of amino acids showed a good linearity with the correlation coefficients ≥0.99. The recovery rate was 74.59%~110.62%. Snake venom contained 17 kinds of amino acids, the total content of amino acids was 0.2%. Conclusion The method was accurate, reproducible and reliable, and can be used for the determination of amino acids in snake venom and related products.