ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To comp are the meridian tropism of compatible herbs and compatibility rules of ancient and modern prescriptions containing Eucommia ulmoides ，and to provide theoretical basis for modern clinical application of E. ulmoides . METHODS：Ancient prescriptions containing E. ulmoides were screened from Dictionary of TCM Prescription . The prescriptions containing E. ulmoides were screened from clinical trials which published in CNKI ，Wanfang database and VIP during Jan. 2000 to Jan. 2020. Data mining methods such as frequency statistics and Apriori algorithm were used to analyze the main diseases of ancient and modern prescriptions containing E. ulmoides and the use frequency ，types，meridian tropism and compatibility rules of medical materials. RESULTS ：A total of 84 ancient prescriptions and 188 modern prescriptions of E. ulmoides were included. Ancient prescriptions were mainly used to treat diseases such as back pain ，deficiency，threatened abortion. Modern prescriptions were mainly used to treat osteoarthropathy （mainly lumbar intervertebral disc herniation ），gynecological diseases ，cardiovascular diseases. Cinnamomum cassia ，Angelica sinensis and Achyranthes bidentatawerethe were the high-frequency compatible herbs in ancient prescriptions with E. ulmoides ，and were tonifying medicine ，dispelling wind and dampness medicine and clearing heat medicine；compatible herbs were mainly of warm property ，and the channel tropism was mostly kidney meridian and liver meridian；the five tastes of compatible herbs were mainly sweet and spicy. A. sinensis ，Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata were the high-frequency compatible herbs in modern prescriptions with E. ulmoides ，and were mainly tonic medicine，anti-rheumatic medicine ，medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis ；compatible herbs were mainly of warm property ，and the channel tropism was mostly liver meridian and kidney meridian ；the five tastes of medicine were mainly bitter and spicy. By analyzing the Apriori association rules of high-frequency herbs ，a total of 10 core herbs combinations were obtained in ancient prescriptions ，including 8 third-order association rules and 2 fourth-order association rules ；a total of 11 core herbs combinations were obtained in modern prescriptions ，including 3 third-order association rules and 8 fourth-order association rules. CONCLUSIONS ： Ancient and modern prescriptions containing E. ulmoides are mainly used to treatlumbar disease ， followed by obstetrics and gynecology com diseases. In addition ，the modern prescriptions can also be #used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The ancient prescriptions mainly focus on warming and tonifying ，while the modern prescriptions are more compatible with medicine for dispelling wind and dampness and medicine for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis on the basis of tonifying deficiency ；most of the medicines in ancient prescriptions contribute in kidney and liver meridians ，mainly sweet and pungent ，while most of the medicines in modern prescriptions contribute in liver meridian ，and are more compatible with bitter medicines.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the application of 3D printing technique in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) of patients with complicated kidney stones.Methods:From January 2015 to December 2017, 60 patients with complicated kidney stones were enrolled in the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University for prospective study, and PCNL was proposed.All the patients were randomly divided into 3D print group (30 cases) and conventional image inspection group (30 cases, control group). Before operation, CT urography (CTU) was used in both groups.In 3D printing group, digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) files of CT were extracted for 3D image postprocessing, and thermoplastic materials were used to print 3D model.In the 3D printing group, the digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) files of CT were extracted for 3D image post-processing, and the 3D model was printed with thermoplastic materials.According to the comprehensive planning of 3D kidney model, a virtual safe and reliable percutaneous renal access was established for each patient, and PCNL was executed.The patients in the two groups were compared before, during and after operation.Preoperative: age, sex, body mass index, blood creatinine, stone size and CT value.During the operation: (1) the target renal calices location time; (2) the conformity between the preoperative planning and the actual operation; (3) the operation completion time.After operation: (1) stone removal rate; (2) hemoglobin reduction level; (3) postoperative recovery.Results:All the 60 patients successfully completed the operation, 30 patients successfully printed out the 3D model, which can accurately express the relationship between the stone and the adjacent anatomical structure, the internal renal artery and the collecting system.Positioning time of 3D printing group in target renal calices((2.9 ± 1.5) min vs.(5.8 ± 1.7) min, P=0.023), coincidence between simulated and actual puncture calices((89.5 ± 3.5)% vs.(60.2 ± 5.7)%, P=0.005), postoperative stone removal rate ((89.9 ± 4.5)% vs.(75.9 ± 5.2)%, P=0.009), and hemoglobin levels((1.4 ± 0.5) g/L vs.(2.9 ± 1.4) g/L, P=0.032) were superior to the control group, and the difference was statistically significant.But there was no significant difference between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion:The 3D printed kidney model truly restores the anatomical details around the kidneys and stones, providing a stereoscopic and intuitive way to perform surgery, so it maybe has a significance guidance for percutaneous nephrolithotomy.