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Objective:To evaluate the effect of anesthesia factor on postoperative outcome in patients undergoing thoracoscopy through a comparison between different analgesic methods.Methods:One hundred patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index of 18.5-24.0 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ or Ⅱ, scheduled for elective single-hole thoracoscopic surgery, were divided into 4 groups ( n=25 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C), erector spinae plane block (ESPB) group (group E), thoracic paravertebral nerve block (TPVB) group (group T), and ESPB combined with TPVB group (ET group). Before induction of anesthesia, ultrasound-guided nerve block was performed, and ESPB, TPVB, and ESPB combined with TPVB were performed on the affected side in E, T and ET groups, respectively.The mixture of 0.5% ropivacaine 20 ml and dexamethasone 5 mg was injected in T and E groups, and 0.5% ropivacaine 5 ml was injected into the paravertebral space, the needle tip was retracted to touch the transverse bone, and then another 15 ml was injected in group ET.The block plane was detected by acupuncture at 15 min after completion of the nerve block, and successful nerve block was defined as the block plane reaching T 4-6 in the areas innervated by the spinal nerve.Both groups received patient-controlled intravenous analgesia(PCIA) and were admitted to postanesthesia care unit after surgery.Flurbiprofen axetil 50 mg was intravenously injected as rescue analgesic when the visual analog scale(VAS)score was more than 3.Venous blood samples were collected immediately before nerve block operation (T 0), 30 min after operation (T 1), 30 min after tracheal extubation (T 2), and 24 h after operation (T 3) for determination of the concentrations of plasma cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The VAS score for cough was recorded at 15 min after tracheal extubation (T 4) and 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after surgery (T 5-8). The patients were followed up at 48 h after surgery.The pressing times of PCIA, consumption of flurbiprofen, and development of nausea and vomiting were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, VAS scores for cough were significantly decreased at T 4-6, the pressing times of PCIA was reduced, and the consumption of flurbiprofen, and incidence of nausea and vomiting and plasma Cor and ACTH concentrations at T 1-2 were decreased in the other three groups ( P<0.05). Compared with group E, VAS scores for cough at T 4, pressing times of PCIA and consumption of flurbiprofen were significantly decreased in T and ET groups ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in each index between ET group and T group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:TPVB performs better than ESPB and TPVB combined with ESPB in improving the postoperative outcome of patients undergoing thoracoscopy.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the influencing factors of neck work-related musculoskeletal disorders( WMSDs) and their effects in airport porters. METHODS: A total of 413 airport porters were chosen as study subjects using judgment sampling method. Chinese version of Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence of WMSDs.Then structural equation model was constructed and used to analyze the influencing factors of neck WMSDs. RESULTS: The prevalence of neck WMSDs in airport porters was 37. 3%( 154/413). Postural load,mental workload and length of service had a direct effect on neck WMSDs of porters( path coefficients were 0. 405,0. 166,0. 296,P < 0. 05),and mental workload also had an indirect effect on neck WMSDs through postural load( path coefficient was 0. 103,P < 0. 01).CONCLUSION: Posture load,mental workload and length of service are risk factors of neck WMSDs in airport porters.
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Objective@#To investigate the clinical and pathological features of spindle cell lipoma (SCL) and pleomorphic lipoma (PL) with emphasis on differential diagnosis.@*Methods@#Sixty-five cases of SCL/PL from the archive of Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, from August of 2006 to June of 2017, were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry by EnVision method, MDM2 gene amplifycation and DDIT3 gene translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) were detected and the literature was reviewed.@*Results@#There were 53 males and 12 females with age ranging from 26 to 82 years (mean, 57 years; median, 59 years). The majority of the lesions occurred in the neck/posterior neck/nuchal region, upper back and shoulder. A small percentage of lesions developed in the extremities, face and trunk, and rarely in the epiglottis, mediastinum, labium majus and perineum. Clinically, the tumor usually manifested as a slowly growing mass or nodule. It was often encapsulated, ranging from 1 to 13 cm (mean, 4.1 cm; median, 3.5 cm) in size. Microscopically, SCL was composed of mature adipose tissue, bland spindle cells and bright eosinophilic "ropey" collagen fibers that varied in proportion. Of 45 SCL, 28 cases (62.2%) were classical, 6 cases (13.3%) were myxoid, 5 cases (11.1%) were fat-poor, 3 cases (6.7%) were fat-free, and 3 cases (6.5%) were pseudoangiomatoid. PL showed similar features as SCL, but was characterized by the presence of scattered floret giant cells. Of 20 PL, 11 cases (55.0%) were classical, 6 cases (30.0%) were mixed SCL/PL, 3 cases (15.0%) were fat-free. Both SCL and PL contained scattered mast cells in the stroma. By immunohistochemistry, the spindle cells in SCL and the floret giant cells in PL showed strong positivity for CD34 (52/52, 100.0%), bcl-2 (24/26, 92.3%) and CD99 (6/6), whereas they were negative for S-100 protein and STAT6. FISH analysis of MDM2 (17 cases) and DDIT3 (4 cases) was negative in all cases. Follow-up information was available in 32 patients (3 to 96 months), with local recurrence in only one patient.@*Conclusions@#SCL and PL belong to the same entity but may exhibit morphological disparities. Of note, the fat-poor and fat-free variants are easily mistaken for other mesenchymal tumors. Attention should be paid in their differential diagnosis.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To further elucidate the clinical and pathologic features of retiform hemangioendothelioma (RH) and its clinical spectrum.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight cases of RH were reviewed. The clinicopathologic profiles, immunophenotypes and outcome data were investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 8 cases occurred in females with a mean age at presentation of 40 years (range, 13-69 years). Five tumors arose in the skin of the head and neck region and lower extremities, two in the long bones and one in the spleen. Clinically, the patients presented with a slowly growing cutaneous plaque or subcutaneous nodule, pain of the upper arm, and dull pain and discomfort in the left hypochondrium respectively. Grossly, the tumor appeared as a non-encapsulated gray-yellowish to tan-brown mass with a mean diameter of 2.6 cm (range, 0.8-5.0 cm). On histology, it was composed of delicate branches of elongated vessels lined by a layer of hobnail or matchstick endothelium, exhibiting a retiform pattern with close resemblance of the normal rete testis. Cords or solid nests of epithelioid cells were noted adjacent to the well-formed vessels. In three cases, dilated vascular spaces with formation of intravascular papillary tufts were observed, features overlapping with Dabska tumor. There was usually marked lymphocytic infiltration in the stroma which was also hyalinized in some cases. One case had regional lymph node metastasis. By immunohistochemistry, all cases consistently expressed endothelial markers, including CD31 (8/8), human coagulation factor VIII (5/8), CD34 (5/7) and D2-40 (1/2). Two of six cases with follow-up information (18-67 months) developed local recurrences, but distant metastasis was not identified.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>RH is a distinctive vascular tumor of adulthood characterized by retiform growth of vessels with striking hobnail endothelium. Although the tumor occurs predominantly in the skin, the long bones and the spleen can be occasionally affected. The presence of Dabska tumor-like areas in RH may suggest a morphologic continuum between these two entities, comprising the family of hobnail hemangioendothelioma. Familiarity with the characteristic features of this vascular tumor of intermediate malignancy will help in the differential diagnosis of vascular neoplasms with hobnail endothelium.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Biomarkers, Tumor , Bone Neoplasms , Pathology , Diagnosis, Differential , Epithelioid Cells , Pathology , Hemangioendothelioma , Pathology , Immunohistochemistry , Immunophenotyping , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Skin Neoplasms , Pathology , Splenic Neoplasms , PathologyABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of multiple-mode analgesia consists of epidural administration of lidocaine,parecoxib intravenously and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) on patients after thoracic surgeries. Methods Total 90 patients treated with thoracic surgeries were allocated into 3 groups by random digits table,each with 30 cases. Patients accepted 1% lidocaine 5 ml epidurally 5 min before incision in group A and B,and 5 ml saline as control in group C. When chest closing parecoxib 40 mg were given in group A,and 2 ml saline as control in group B and C. All the patients were given PCEA. Postoperative hemodynamics,dosage of remifentanil and analgetics of PCEA within 48 h, visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, rescue of pethidine, duration for first pain calling,and satisfactory scores of patients, doctors and nurses were recorded. Results Dosage of remifentanil was lower [(0.72±0.26), (0.84±1.20) μg／(kg·min)], and duration for first pain calling was longer[(35.00±2.78),(12.09±6.27) min] in group A and B than that in group C significantly[(1.80±0.84) μ,g／(kg·min) and (5.95±3.65) min](P<0.05). Analgetics of PCEA with in 48 h in group A was lower than that in group B which was lower than that in group C[(180.40±20.48), (192.54±40.15), (220.26±36.78) ml](P< 0.05). No difference was found on VAS of pain and hemodynamics among three groups when patients were kept immobilized, but VAS of pain in group A and B was lower than that in group C when patients kept moving. Satisfactory scores of patients,doctors and nurses in group A were higher. Conclusion Epidural administration of 1% lidocaine combined with intravenous paiecoxib 40 mg and PCEA an offer satisfactory postoperative analgesia for patients after elective thoracic surgeries.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of flexible laryngeal mask airway and sevoflurane in pediatric strabismus surgery. Methods Totally 60 children undergoing elective strabismus surgery were recruited and divided into two groups with 30 cases each by random digits table:group T, in which children accepted endotracheal tube intubation and combined intravenous and inhalation anesthesia with mechanically ventilation; and group F, in which children adopted both flexible laryngeal mask airway and inhalation anesthesia of sevoflurane with spontaneous breath. Airway peak pressure (Ppeak), average airway pressure (Pmean), blood pressure (Bp) and heart rate (HR) at induction (T1), 1 min (T2), 3 min (T3) and 5 min (T4) after induction, removal of endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway (T5), awaking time and extubation time, occurrence of cough, dysphoria and pharyngodynia from being awake to extubation, satisfaction of patients were recorded. Results When compared to baseline, systolic pressure was lower at T, and higher at T2, T3 and T5, and HR was higher at T2-T5 in group T(P< 0.05),Bp was lower at T1-T4 in group F (P < 0.05). Bp and HR at T2-T5 in group F were lower than those in group T (P < 0.05). The awaking time was (8.1 ?2.6) min, the extubation time was (12.6 ?3.2) min, the occurrence of cough and pharyngodynia was 66.7%(20/30), 40.0%( 12/30), the dysphoria (0-1 score) was 7 cases in group T,(5.2 ± 1.1) min, (6.3 ± 1.5) rain,0,6.7%(2/30),25 cases in group F. There were significant differences between two groups (P<0.05). The satisfaction of patients in group F was higher than that in group T, there was significant difference between two groups (P< 0.05). Conclusion Flexible laryngeal mask airway with sevoflurane could offer high efficacy in pediatric strabismus surgery.
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Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) combined with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) in treatment of implanted mouse melanoma and the possible mechanism. Methods: SLC-Fc fusion protein was prepared and its chemotaxis of lymphocytes was detected by chemotaxis assay. Implanted melanoma mouse models were established and randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, SLC-Fc group, CpG-ODN group, and SLC-Fc+CpG-ODN group. The growth of implanted tumors in each group was observed after treatment. Subtype and infiltration of lymphocytes in implanted tumor tissues were examined by flow cytometry. Results: SLC-Fc protein was successfully prepared, and it dose-dependently attracted lymphocytes (0.03, 0.3, and 3 μg/L). Intra-tumor injection SLC-Fc and CpG-ODN alone or in combination significantly inhibited growth of B16-implanted tumors. Tumor size in SLC-Fc+CpG-ODN group was significantly smaller than that in control group (P<0.01), and animals in SLC-Fc+CpG-ODN group survived longer. Tumor-infiltrated CD4~+ T, CD~8+ T, and dendritic cells (DCs) in SLC-Fc+CpG-ODN group were markedly increased as compared with those in control group (P<0.05), and tumor draining lymph nodes were dramatically enlarged. Conclusion: SLC combined with CpG-ODN can inhibit the growth of implanted melanoma by attracting CD4~+ T and CD8~+ T and promoting proliferation of DCs.
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AIM: To establish the quality standards for Chinese extractum angelicae liquidum. METHODS: TLC was used to identify ferulic acid and ligustilide and HPLC to determine the content of ferulic acid and ligustil-ide. HPLC was performed on a Diamonsil ODS-C_(18) analytical column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with gradient elu-tion(0-15 min, 38%A; 15-20 min, 38%A-70%A; 20-40 min, 70%A; 40-45 min, 70%A-38%A) of methanol (A, containing 0.4% glacial acetic) and 0.4% glacial acetic acid(B) at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The diode array detection wavelength was set at 323 nm and the column temperature was at 35℃. RESULTS: The linear range of ferulic acid and ligustilide were from 1.008 μg/mL to 10.08 μg/mL and 9.985 μg/mL to 99.85 μg/mL,the average recoveries of both were 98.11% and 101.61%, RSD were 1.58% and 1.32%. CONCLUSION: The method is rapid, simple and accurate with high reproducibility and can be used to control the quality of Chinese extractum angelicae liquidum.
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AIM : To establish a HPLC method for simultaneous determination of rutin and naringenin-7-o-glucoside in Lysimachia clethroide Duby.METHODS: Using Diamonsil C_(18) (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) as analytical column.The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% phosphoric acid ( B ) with gradient elution : 0～18rain,83%～80% B; 18～30 min,80%～86% B.The detection wavelength of rutin and naringenin-7-o-glucoside was at 254 nm and 281 nm,respectively.The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; Column temperature was at 35 ℃.RESULTS: A better separating effect was obtained with the HPLC gradient elution method.The linear calibration curve of rutin and naringenin-7-o-glucoside were obtained in the concentration range of 1.00～48.00 μg/mL( r =0.999 3 ) and 0.64 ～ 40.72 μg/mL( r = 0.999 8 ),respectively.CONCLUSION : The HPLC method is accurate,simple and can be used to determine the contents of rutin and naringenin-7-o-glucoside in Lysimachia clethroide Duby simultaneously.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of warm and tonify kidney-yang herbs on the liver mitochondria proteome of the thyroidectomized kidney-yang deficiency rats.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Twelve rats were divided into normal group, model group and treated group; each group had four rats. The rats of model group and treated group were excised the two side thyroid gland, and the rats of normal group were done the homologous operation, but didn't excise the thyroid gland. After seven days, the rats of model group and treated group appeared the symptoms of kidney-yang deficiency. From the eighth day, the rats of treated group were fed warm and tonify kidney-yang herbs 6.7 g x kg(-1) once daily, and the rats of other two groups were fed the equal normal. All rats of three groups were killed by decollation after six days of treatment, and liver mitochondria proteins were separated. Each liver mitochondria protein sample was labeled with Cy3 or Cy5 randomly, and one Cy3-labeled sample and one Cy5-labeled sample were mixed on the same 2-D gel along with a Cy2-labeled mixture of all samples as an internal standard and run on the same gel. The gels were scanned under different wavelength light after electrophoresis. All images were analyzed by DeCyder 6. 5 software, and the different proteins were identified by mass spectrum.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The expression of HSP60, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, carbamoylphosphate synthetase I, ATP synthase, lactotransferrin, H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase, alpha-ETF and calpain 12 were increased in the thyroidectomized kidney-yang deficiency rats, while the expression of oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, ornithine aminotransferase, and GTP-binding regulatory protein were decreased. After the kidney-yang deficiency rats were treated with warm and tonify kidney-yang herbs, the expression of HSP60, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase, Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, lacto-transferrin, H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase, alpha-ETF and GTP-binding regulatory protein were increased, and the expression of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I and calpain 12 were decreased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The warm and tonify kidney-yang herbs perform its therapeutical effect by regulating the metabolism, protecting the stability of mitochondrial membrance and maintaining the signal conduction in the cells.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Kidney , Metabolism , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Mitochondria, Liver , Metabolism , Proteome , Metabolism , Proteomics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Yang Deficiency , Drug Therapy , MetabolismABSTRACT
To examine the aging-related changes of microglia and astrocytes in hypothalamus of rats after intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline in rats, old- and young-aged rats were injected with hypertonic saline solution into peritoneal cavity. Lectin histochemical techniques using Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1) and immunocytochemical method employing antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to demonstrate microglia and astrocytes in the hypothalamus of the rats, and the positively-stained cells were analyzed by computer-assisted image analysis system. Our results showed that the numbers of microglia and astrocytes were significantly increased in the hypothalamus of old-aged rats. After intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline, the number of microglia was significantly decreased in the hypothalamus of both young- and old-aged groups. After introperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline, the number of GFAP positive cells was significantly increased in the hypothalamus of young rats, but the number of GFAP positive cells did not show significant change in the hypothalamus of old rats. It is concluded that in the hypothalamus of old-aged rats, the increase of microglia may be related with the aging or degeneration of neurons, and the increase of astrocytes may provide more nourishment required by the aged neurons. The microglia and astrocytes in the hypothalamus of the two group rats may be affected by hypertonic saline, and the response of these cells to the stimuli is characterized by some aging-related changes.
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The purpose of this study is to demonstrate if Gadolinium-enhanced MRI can detect early reversible ischemia of the femoral head epiphysis caused by hip hyper-abduction in piglets. Between 3 and 6 h consistent hyper-abduction, gadolinium-enhanced MRI was performed in 20 femoral heads of 10 piglets. After completion of MRI scan, the piglets were allowed to ambulate freely for 1 or 7 days and re-imaged. The enhanced-MRI results of epiphyseal and physeal cartilage and the secondary center of ossification were observed. MRI appearances and histological findings were compared. On Gadolinium-enhanced MRI, decreased or absent enhancement was seen in 14 cartilaginous epiphyses of all 20 femoral heads. Reperfusion was completed in 10 of 14 femoral heads after one day of ambulation and in the rest 4 after 7 days of ambulation. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI can identify early ischemia and its reversal of the capital femoral epiphysis induced by hip hyper-abduction.
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To examine the aging-related changes of microglia and astrocytes in hypothalamus of rats after intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline in rats, old- and young-aged rats were injected with hypertonic saline solution into peritoneal cavity. Lectin histochemical techniques using Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1) and immunocytochemical method employing antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were used to demonstrate microglia and astrocytes in the hypothalamus of the rats, and the positively-stained cells were analyzed by computer-assisted image analysis system. Our results showed that the numbers of microglia and astrocytes were significantly increased in the hypothalamus of old-aged rats. After intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline,the number of microglia was significantly decreased in the hypothalamus of both young- and oldaged groups. After introperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline, the number of GFAP positive cells was significantly increased in the hypothalamus of young rats, but the number of GFAP positive cells did not show significant change in the hypothalamus of old rats. It is concluded that in the hypothalamus of old-aged rats, the increase of microglia may be related with the aging or degeneration of neurons, and the increase of astrocytes may provide more nourishment required by the aged neurons. The microglia and astrocytes in the hypothalamus of the two group rats may be affected by hypertonic saline, and the response of these cells to the stimuli is characterized by some aging-related changes.
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The purpose of this study is to demonstrate if Gadolinium-enhanced MRI can detect early reversible ischemia of the femoral head epiphysis caused by hip hyper-abduction in piglets. Between 3 and 6 h consistent hyper-abduction, gadolinium-enhanced MRI was performed in 20 femoral heads of 10 piglets. After completion of MRI scan, the piglets were allowed to ambulate freely for 1 or 7 days and re-imaged. The enhanced-MRI results of epiphyseal and physeal cartilage and the secondary center of ossification were observed. MRI appearances and histological findings were compared. On Gadolinium-enhanced MRI, decreased or absent enhancement was seen in 14 cartilaginous epiphyses of all 20 femoral heads. Reperfusion was completed in 10 of 14 femoral heads after one day of ambulation and in the rest 4 after 7 days of ambulation. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI can identify early ischemia and its reversal of the capital femoral epiphysis induced by hip hyper-abduction.
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The purpose of this study is to define the appearance of normal epiphyseal and metaphyseal marrow and normal changes of marrow due to fatty conversion on Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MR Imaging. Unenhanced and enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging were performed in proximal and distal femoral ends of 8 healthy piglets at the ages of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The changes with age in signal intensity and enhancement ratio of the epiphyseal and metaphyseal marrow with age were examined. The correlation of MRI characteristics with histological findings was studied. Our study showed that marrow of the metaphysis and of periphery of the 2nd ossification center were well vascularized hematopoietic marrow and had great enhancements. The enhancement ratio of metaphysis was greater than that of epiphyseal marrow and both enhancement ratios degraded gradually with age. The central regions of the epiphyseal ossification center and of the diaphysis were of fatty marrow and had little enhancement. It is concluded that on Gd-enhanced MR imaging the hematopoietic marrow of metaphysis and of periphery of the 2nd ossification center had greater enhancement than that of fatty marrow of central region of the 2nd ossification center. All of their enhancements decreased gradually with age.
Subject(s)
Epiphyses/anatomy & histology , Femur/anatomy & histology , Femur/growth & development , Gadolinium , Growth Plate/anatomy & histology , Growth Plate/blood supply , Growth Plate/growth & development , Image Enhancement , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Swine , Swine, MiniatureABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To improve the dissolution rate of nitrendipine in vitro using co-grinding method.METHODS: Single-factor test was adopted to detect effect of phases of co-grinding,category of excipients (MCC,PVPk30,HPC,HPMC),time (0,10,20,30,40,50,60 min) of co-grinding and ratio of principal component to excipients (1 ∶ 1,1 ∶ 2,1 ∶ 3,1 ∶ 4,1 ∶ 5,1 ∶ 6,1 ∶ 7,1 ∶ 8,1 ∶ 9) on in vitro dissolution of nitrendipine power and tablet.RESULTS: The condition of co-grinding method was as follows: dual co-grinding phase,HPC or MCC as excipients,co-grinding time of 40 min,ratio of principal component to excipients was 1 ∶ 4.Accumulative dissolution rate of nitrendipine powder was more than 80% within 10 min and that of nitrendipine tablet was more than 80% within 40 min.CONCLUSION: Co-grinding method can improve the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble nitrendipine in vitro under suitable condition.
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OBJECTIVE:To investigate the technological factors that influence the drug release of nitrendipine sustained-release pellets.METHODS:The nitrendipine sustained-release pellets were prepared by extrusion-spheronization technology.By means of in vitro drug release test,the factors that influence the drug release including the amount of the wetting agent and the concentration of ethanol,extrusion speed,spheronisation speed and spheronisation time were investigated to optimize the technological conditions.RESULTS:The amount of the wetting agent and the concentration of ethanol had significant effects on drug release.The optimal concentration of ethanol was less than 35% and the optimal amount of the wetting agent was about 44 mL.Extrusion speed,spheronisation speed and spheronisation time had certain effects on drug release,and their optimal values were 48 r?min-1,1 400 r?min-1 and 5 min,respectively.CONCLUSION:The nitrendipine sustained-release pellets prepared in the above-mentioned technological conditions are up to the standard in drug release velocity.
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To evaluate the normal appearance of epiphyseal and physeal cartilage on Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MR imaging. The appearance and enhancement ratios of 20 proximal and distal femoral epiphyses in 10 normal piglets were analyzed on Gd-enhanced MR images. The correlation of the MR imaging appearance with corresponding histological findings of immature epiphyses was examined. Our results showed that Gd-enhanced MRI could differentiate the differences in enhancement between physeal and epiphyseal cartilage and show vascular canals within the epiphyseal cartilage. Enhanced ratios in the physeal were greater than those in the epiphyseal cartilage (P＜0.005). It is concluded that Gd-enhanced MR imaging reveals epiphyseal vascular canals and shows difference in enhancement of physeal and epiphyseal cartilage.
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The purpose of this study is to define the appearance of normal epiphyseal and metaphyseal marrow and normal changes of marrow due to fatty conversion on Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced MR Imaging. Unenhanced and enhanced T1-weighted MR imaging were performed in proximal and distal femoral ends of 8 healthy piglets at the ages of 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The changes with age in signal intensity and enhancement ratio of the epiphyseal and tnetaphyseal marrow with age were examined. The correlation of MRI characteristics with histological findings was studied. Our study showed that marrow of the metaphysis and of periphery of the 2nd ossification center were well vascularized hematopoietic marrow and had great enhancements. The enhancement ratio of metaphysis was greater than that of epiphyseal marrow and both enhancement ratios degraded gradually with age. The central regions of the epiphyseal ossification center and of the diaphysis were of fatty marrow and had little enhancement. It is concluded that on Gd-enhanced MR imaging the hematopoietic marrow of metaphysis and of periphery of the 2nd ossification center had greater enhancement than that of fatty marrow of central region of the 2nd ossification center. All of their enhancements decreased gradually with age.
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To determine the characteristics of magnetic resonance (MR) signals of normal growing cartilage and identify the difference in transverse relaxation times between physeal and epiphyseal cartilage in vivo. 24 distal femora of 12 two-week-old piglets were imaged on a 1.5 Tesla GE MR scanner. Comparison was made between signal intensity on MR images and the structure shown in corresponding histologic sections. T2 values were measured in eight piglets by means of multiecho spin-echo sequences. Our results showed that MR imaging delineated five regions between the secondary ossification center and the metaphysis, which histologically correspond to the zone of provisional calcification of the secondary ossification center, physis of the secondary ossification center, epiphyseal cartilage, physis and zone of provisional calcification. The T2 value in the physeal cartilage was much larger than that in the epiphyseal cartilage (P<0.05). It is concluded that MRI findings could differentiate the different regions of growing cartilage. T2 is longer in physeal than in epiphyseal cartilage, perhaps reflecting differences in water binding by proteoglycans.