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Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable organic carbon resource on earth. However, due to its complex structure, it must undergo a series of pretreatment processes before it can be efficiently utilized by microorganisms. The pretreatment process inevitably generates typical inhibitors such as furan aldehydes that seriously hinder the growth of microorganisms and the subsequent fermentation process. It is an important research field for bio-refining to recognize and clarify the furan aldehydes metabolic pathway of microorganisms and further develop microbial strains with strong tolerance and transformation ability towards these inhibitors. This article reviews the sources of furan aldehyde inhibitors, the inhibition mechanism of furan aldehydes on microorganisms, the furan aldehydes degradation pathways in microorganisms, and particularly focuses on the research progress of using biotechnological strategies to degrade furan aldehyde inhibitors. The main technical methods include traditional adaptive evolution engineering and metabolic engineering, and the emerging microbial co-cultivation systems as well as functional materials assisted microorganisms to remove furan aldehydes.
Subject(s)
Aldehydes , Fermentation , Furans , Lignin/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective To detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the plasma of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC); To investigate the clinical efficacy ofBaitouweng Decoction for UC and its influence on intestinal mucosal healing and partial mechanism.Methods Totally 66 patients with UC were randomly assigned to the treatment group and the control group. Patients in the treatment group were treated with Baitouweng Decoction (oral and enema treatment) and those in the control group took Mesalazine for 4 weeks. Before and after treatment, the therapeutic effects were assessed by Mayo scoring system and the grading of activities was evaluated by Baron Endoscope. Serum levels of TNF-α and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. Besides, another 20 healthy volunteers were recruited as the healthy control group for comparison.Results The endoscopic remission rate was 51.4% (19/35) in treatment group, higher than that of the control group (25.8%, 8/31,P0.05). Serum levels of TNF-α were obviously positive correlated with Mayo score, Baron score and histology score (r=0.836, 0.735, 0.527,P<0.01). Serum levels of IL-10 were obviously negative correlated with Mayo score, Baron score and histology score (r=-0.704, -0.695, -0.509,P<0.01). Compared with pre-treatment, the serum levels of TNF-α significantly decreased (P<0.01), while the serum levels of IL-10 significantly increased (P<0.01) after treatment withBaitouweng Decoction.ConclusionBaitouweng Decoction (oral and enema treatment) is effective and safe in patients with UC. Its effects might be involved in regulating the imbalance of pro-inflammatory factors and anti-inflammatory factors, and promoting mucosal healing.
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Objective To observe the therapeutic effect and effects on coagulation indexes ofXuefu Zhuyu Capsules combined with chemotherapy in treating patients with mid-advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC).Methods Totally 100 patients with mid-advanced SCLC were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 50 cases in each group. The observation group was given EP chemotherapy combined withXuefu Zhuyu Capsules, while the control group was given EP chemotherapy for 4 cycles. The coagulation indexes of two groups before and after treatment were observed, and the clinical efficacy and TCM syndrome efficacy were evaluated.Results After treatment, the tumor volume and TCM syndrome scores of two groups were lower than those before treatment (P0.05).Conclusion EP chemotherapy combined with Xuefu Zhuyu Capsules can improve hypercoagulable state in patients with SCLC, improve the effect of chemotherapy, and do not increase the adverse reactions.
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One hundred and four patients aged of 65 years or above with cardiocerebral vascular diseases admitted from March to September 2008 were enrolled in the study. The fast plasma glucose (FPG) and 2 hours postprandial blood glucose (2 hPG) were tested. For patients with undiagnosed diabetes, if FPG≥7.0 mmol/L, 2 hPG≥11.1 mmol/L, their blood sugar index was checked again; if 2hPG was 7.8 mmol/L to 11.1 mmol/L, FPG from 6.1 mmol/L to 7.0 mmol/L, Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Among the 104 patients, 30 cases of diabetes were diagnosed previously accounting for 28.8 %; 7 cases were newly diagnosed accounting for 6.8%; 21 cases were diagnosed as impaired glucose regulation accounting for 20.2%, with a total rate of sugar metabolism abnormality of 55.8%. The results indicate that blood glucose index should be regularly checked for elderly patients with cardiocerebral vascular diseases.
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OBJECTIVE To explore the effective quality management in the pharmacy intravenous admixture services(PIVAS) adapting to the needs of modern hospital quality management.METHODS The PIVAS was run under the hospital administration by the methods of objective monitoring and grade-based administration.RESULTS The high risk factors of nosocomial infection were revented,which guaranteed the safety of transfusion to the inpatients and protection for the preparing workers,thus nosocomial infection was decreased effectively.CONCLUSIONS A series of practical management system and processes are builtup to promote the management of hospital infection and to guarantee the quality of medical service.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effective methods for nosocomial infection(NI) management and to adapt the new needs of quality-control in modern hospital.METHODS Under the circumstance to start using the ward building and reconstructing the outpatient building,by applying reasonable flow of work,making practicable rules and regulations,depending on new management mode of total cost-quality-effect and supervision-control-administration,to improve our NI management level in all directions in practice.RESULTS The reorganization towards NI management of all the staff had been boost,the rules and regulations of NI management had been carried out and NI had been controlled effectively.CONCLUSIONS Essential facilities are the matericl basis of NI management.Modernized management methods and process management are very meaningful to elevate the NI management level,and to ensure the quality of medical service.
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Objective: To investigate the characteristics of etiology and drug resistance of nosocomial infection in the neurosurgery intensive care unit(NICU),and provide useful information for clinical practice.Methods: We analyzed the clinical data of 179 cases of nosocomial infection among 1 163 patients admitted in the NICU from June 2005 to March 2007.Results: From the 179 patients,346 strains of bacteria were obtained,of which Gram's negative bacili accounted for 52.89%,Gram's positive cocci 38.15% and fungi 8.96%.Of the diagnosed nosocomial infections,83.80% involved the lower respiratory tract,10.61% the urinary tract,2.79% the blood vessels,1.68% the central nervous system and 1.12% the hematological system.Conclusion: To reduce nosocomial infections in the NICU,emphasis should be placed on the control of lower respiratory tract infection as well as on the prevention and treatment of Gram's positive coccus infection in the acute stage and Gram's negative bacillus infection in the later stage.Intensified prevention measures based on the standard ones could help to get the drug-resistant strains under control.
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The identification traumatic cataract must be based on the optical dysopia after ocular injuries. 72 cases of traumatic cataract were classified into 3 groups according to the classification of WHO about optical dysopia. There were 9 cases low vision, 58 cases blind and 5 incorporated cases after injuries. After operation, there were 12 cases that stenopeic spectacles vision was 0.4～1.2, 29 cases were low vision, 26 cases blind. The results suggested that the vision of traumatic cataract could be changed after operation, and the best time for forensic identification could be 1 or 2 months after operation.