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Sensory modalities are important for survival but the molecular mechanisms remain challenging due to the polymodal functionality of sensory neurons. Here, we report the C. elegans outer labial lateral (OLL) sensilla sensory neurons respond to touch and cold. Mechanosensation of OLL neurons resulted in cell-autonomous mechanically-evoked Ca
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Olfactory adaptation is an important physiological function of animals, which can protect their own neurons from overstimulation, and be better to deal with all kinds of stimuli in the surrounding environment. In this article, we discuss the neuronal basis of olfactory adaptation in . Up to now, several intracellular regulatory factors have been discovered to be associated with olfactory adaptation in , including cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling in the olfactory neurons AWC, OSM-9 in transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channel, arrestin ARR-1, diglyceride (DAG) pathway in G protein signaling pathways, etc. However, the neural circuits of the olfactory adaptation remains largely unknown. This paper reviews molecular and cell biological mechanism of olfactory adaptation in , so as to provide reference for studies on olfactory sensation in advanced animals.
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There are three types of glial cells in(for short): sheath glia, socket glia and glutamate receptor glia. They are mainly located in four sensory organs including the amphid, the cephalic organ, the outer labial sensilla and the inner labial sensilla.glial cells play key roles in dendrite extension, neurite guidance and extension, and are essential for synaptogenesis and maintain the normal morphology and the function of sensory nerve endings as well. A recent study shown that some nematode neurons are derived from the glial cells. Moreover, nematodes glial cells can directly modulate the function of sensory neurons. Some glial cells can also respond to certain external stimuli, such as mechanical stimulation, and adjust the accompanying neuronal activities.The article summarizes the progress on effects of nematodes glial cells on the nervous system development and function.
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Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis and anticoagulant therapy for post-traumatic acute submassive pulmonary embolism (PE) in middle-aged and elderly patients.Methods Totally 45 patients with post-traumatic acute submassive pulmonary embolism in our hospital were selected.Patients were divided into thrombolysis group (n =22) and anticoagulation group (n=23) according to their conditions.Symptoms and signs,blood gas analysis,D-dimer,echocardiography,CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) were performed before and after thrombolysis or anticoagulant therapy.Results There were no significant differences in clinical curative rate between thrombolysis group and anticoagulation group [95.5％ (21/22) vs.91.3％ (21/23),x2 =0.32,P＞0.05],and no case was found dead in both two groups.There was a significant difference in hemorrhage rate between thrombolysis group and anticoagulation group [27.3％ vs.4.3％,x2 =4.53,P ＜ 0.05].At 24 hours after thrombolysis or anticoagulant therapy,the improvement rate of dyspnea,PaO2 level was significantly higher and the pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly lower in thrombolysis group than in anticoagulation group [45.5％ (10/22) vs.17.4％ (4/23),(80.4±8.1) mm Hg vs.(73.6±9.3) mm Hg,(51.2±6.2) mm Hgvs.(60.3±5.7) mm Hg,respectively,all P＜0.05],and there were no statistical significances at other time points between the two groups.Conclusions The clinical curative rate and fatality rate are similar in thrombolysis group versus anticoagulation group.Hemorrhage rate is higher in thrombolysis group than in anticoagulation group.Thrombolysis can relieve dyspnea rapidly,reduce pulmonary artery pressure and make the embolized blood vessels recanalized.Patients with low bleeding risk in a critical condition are suggested to take thrombolysis therapy,while patients with high bleeding risk in a light condition are suggested to take anticoagulant therapy.
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Objective To explore the relationship between the prothrombotic state and blood coagulation-fibrinolysis system changes with deep venous thrombosis(DVT)in aged patients after total joint arthroplasty,and to propose preventive measures.Methods 400 patients who underwent total hip or knee replacement from January 2003 to June 2011 were classified into suspected DVT(n=200 cases)and non-suspected DVT(n=200 cases)according to Well's clinical scoring system.The patients were divided into 4 subgroups based on the measures to prevent DVT:low molecular weigh heparin group,intermittent pneumatic bag compression group,combined above measures group,control group who refused any preventive measures.Plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex(TAT),plasmin-α2 antiplasmin complex(PAP)were determined preoperatively.Venous Doppler ultrasound was performed before surgery,4 d and 10 d after surgery to detect the presence of DVT.Results Totally 71 cases(17.8％)were diagnosed as DVT and 5 cases(1.3％)as pulmonary thromboembolism(PTE).The incidence of DVT in suspected DVT group(28.5％,57 cases)was lower than in non-suspected DVT group(7.0 ％,14 cases)(x2 =31.66,P＜ 0.01).Among patients with suspected DVT,the DVT prevalence in combined measures group(2.0 ％,1 cases)was decreased than in low molecular weigh heparin group(14.0％,7 cases),intermittent pneumatic bag compression (34.0％,17 cases)and control groups(64.0％,32 cases)(x2=4.89,17.34,18.01,all P＜0.05).In the patients with non-suspected DVT,the DVT prevalence in combined measures group(0.0％)was lower than in control group(24.0 ％,12 cases)(x2 =13.64,P＜0.01).The average preoperative level of TAT[(9.63±3.06)μg/L]in patients with DVT was higher than without DVT[(2.59±0.87)μg/L](t=35.70,P＜0.01),while PAP level in patients with DVT[(38.52± 21.13)μg/L]was reduced than without DVT[69.75±30.26)μg/L](t=8.27,P＜0.01).Conclusions The levels of TAT and PAP before total hip or knee replacement are predictive for lower extremity DVT.The clinical effectiveness of Well's scoring on DVT prevention is dependent on the different TAT and PAP state.
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Objective To investigate the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods The clinical data of 114 200 inpatients from June 2002 to June 2008, including gender, age, smoking history, primary disease and risk factors, were reviewed. Results There were 1445(1.27%) cases with venous thromboembolism (VTE), while 1433(1. 25%) patients suffered from DVT and 153(0. 13%) patients suffered from PTE, 16(11. 11 %) patients were dead of PTE. Of all the DVT patients, there were 1348(94. 1%) cases with DVT of lower limbs with no significant difference between left or right lower limb (P>0. 05). There were 49(3.4%) cases with inferior vena cava, 23(1.6%) cases with cavitas pelvis veins and 13(0. 9%) cases with upper extremity veins. The peak ages of morbidity were between 51 to 60 years. Conclusions The incidence of VTE is increasing with ageing and there is no significant difference between males and females. The most common risk factors for thromboembolism include trauma, surgery, cardiac and pulmonary disease, age over 50 years, deep phlebitis, long-term smoking, cancer, pregnancy, childbirth, braking, history of VTE, etc. We may lower the incidence and mortality of VTE by strengthening prevention work according to the high risk factors.
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Objective To establish a model of cervical spondylosis in rats. Methods Sixty SD rats (four months old) were ran-domly divided into control, muscle imbalance and posterior column instability group, ten rats in each group. Then the degeneration of X-ray film and motion function were evaluated by oblique board test. Results After analyzed the cervical films of control groups, the nature curve still existed, vertebral clearance had no abnormal. No ostensis spurs or ossifies in Luschka joint and joint processes were found. But in mus-cle imbalance and posterior column instability groups, the nature curve was disappeared or stiff, vertebral clearance were stenosis, osteosis spur formed, ossify or sclerosis emerged in Lnschka joint and joint process. Compared with control group in oblique board test, the muscle force decreased in muscle imbalance and posterior column instability group. There were no statistic significant difference between 2 and 4 months of control group, and also no difference in muscle imbalance and posterior column instability group, but there were significant differ-ence in 2 and 4 months of muscle imbalance and posterior column group. Conclusion Not only cervical posterior column instability but also muscle imbalance could result in cervical spendylosis, both muscle force balance and posterior column were important factors in maintaining spine stability.
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Objective To establish a rapid method to detect mutations in rpoB genes of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tubereulosis in dinical specimens using Real-time fluorescence PCR molecular beacon assay.Methods 174 strains of Mvcobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates were analyzed using real-time fluorescence PCR molecular beacon assay foilowed with DNA sequencing while 12 strains of NTM and 4 strains of bacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used as the contrast.Results Eighty-two 89.1 of 92 rifampin (RIF)-resistant strains and 3 of 82 RIF-sensitive strains were found to harbor mutation in the rpoB gene using real-time fluorescence PCR-molecular beacon assay.The specificity, sensitivity,and accuracy of this assay were 96.3%,89.1%,and 92.5%,respectively-Eithty-three of 92 RIF-resistant strains and 1 of 82 RIF-sensitive strains were found to harbor mutation in the rpoB gene using the direct DNA sequencing.The specificity,sensitivity,and accuracy of the direct DNA sequencing were 98.8,90.2%,and 94.2%,respectively.As compared with real-time PCR molecular beacon assay,171 of 174(98.3%)strains of myeobactefium tuberculosis clinical isolates had the salne results.Conclusion Real-time fluorescence PCR-molecular beacon assay can be used as a rapid screen method to detect RIF-resistant isolates.