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@#Introduction The information of prevalence and associated factor(s) with smoking cessation among the elderly will assist in formulating the suitable policies and reducing the mortality among Malaysian elderly due to smoking-related diseases. This paper aims to describe the prevalence and factors associated with smoking cessation among Malaysian elderly. Methods We carried out the population-based study using the cross-sectional study design and a sample size of 2,674 respondents obtained via a multistage sampling method. Validated questionnaire and face-to-face interviews approach were the methodologies employed to collect data from the selected respondents. The interview was conducted by trained enumerator using a standardized and validated questionnaire. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression were used in data analysis. Results The present findings demonstrated that almost 1 out of 10 of Malaysian elderly are current smokers. The prevalence of smoking was significantly higher among men (28.1%) compared to women (2.9%). Multivariable analysis showed that females (AOR 2.33, 95 CI 1.66-4.55) and those with advancing age were more likely to stop smoking compared to the younger-aged elderly (70-74 year, AOR 2.38(95 CI 1.24-4.53), 75 year and above, AOR 2.82, (95CI, 1.57-5.05. 60-64 years as reference), whiles other ethnicities (AOR 0.11, 95 CI 0.02-0.61) were less likely to cease smoking compared to elderly from Chinese descent. Based on multivariate analysis, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were not significant factors associated with smoking cessation. Conclusions The study has shown a low proportion of Malaysian elderly is ex- smoker. Suitable measures and programmes should be formulated and implemented to focus on the elderly groups identified in this study, to increase the quit smoking rate among them and subsequently to increase the quality of life by reducing the burden of smoking-related disease among the Malaysian elderly. Keywords Malaysian elderly - smoking cessation - chronic diseases.
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@#Introduction: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are new devices that have been accepted widely by both smokers and non-smokers. However, the evidence on EC used in Malaysia is scarce. The objective of thisstudy was to determine the prevalence of EC use and the socio-demographic and smoking characteristicsassociated with current EC use among Malaysian current and ex-smokers. Methods: This was a sub-analysis of data from a cross-sectional, national-population- based EC study conducted from May to June in 2016 in Malaysia. A detailed description of the sampling methods can be found in the National E-cigarette Survey (NECS) 2016 report. Briefly, data were obtained from 1396 individuals who had ever been smokers, i.e., 957 (68.6%) current smokers and 439 (31.4%) ex-smokers. Results: Current EC use was found predominantly among current smokers (8.0%) as compared with ex-smokers (4.3%). Among current smokers, the main reasons given for smoking ECs were wanting to try it (44.7%), followed by intention to quit tobacco smoking (15.8%) and to reduce tobacco smoking (10.5%). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we found that among current smokers, current EC users were more likely to be younger, i.e., 18-44 years (aOR= 4.83, 95% CI= 1.97-11.86, p=0.001), urban residents (aOR= 1.89, 95% CI= 1.15-3.11, p=0.012), single/ divorced/ widowed (aOR= 2.11, 95% CI= 1.24-3.61, p=0.006) and students (aOR= 2.25, 95% CI= 1.01-5.01, p=0.048). Among exsmokers, only younger respondents (18-44 years old) was reported as being more likely to be current EC users (aOR= 3.81, 95% CI= 1.14-12.76, p=0.030). Conclusion: This study showed that currently using and ever having used ECs were more prevalent among current smokers. The reasons given for initiating EC use among current smokers were mainly wanting to try it, followed by intention to quit and to reduce tobacco smoking. Current EC use appears to be common among current smokers who are younger, urban residents, single/divorced/widowed and students. Therefore, EC cessation intervention strategies and policies should target these high-prevalence groups
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@#Introduction: Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are new devices that have been accepted widely by both smokers and non-smokers. However, the evidence on EC used in Malaysia is scarce. The objective of thisstudy was to determine the prevalence of EC use and the socio-demographic and smoking characteristicsassociated with current EC use among Malaysian current and ex-smokers. Methods: This was a sub-analysis of data from a cross-sectional, national-population- based EC study conducted from May to June in 2016 in Malaysia. A detailed description of the sampling methods can be found in the National E-cigarette Survey (NECS) 2016 report. Briefly, data were obtained from 1396 individuals who had ever been smokers, i.e., 957 (68.6%) current smokers and 439 (31.4%) ex-smokers. Results: Current EC use was found predominantly among current smokers (8.0%) as compared with ex-smokers (4.3%). Among current smokers, the main reasons given for smoking ECs were wanting to try it (44.7%), followed by intention to quit tobacco smoking (15.8%) and to reduce tobacco smoking (10.5%). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we found that among current smokers, current EC users were more likely to be younger, i.e., 18-44 years (aOR= 4.83, 95% CI= 1.97-11.86, p=0.001), urban residents (aOR= 1.89, 95% CI= 1.15-3.11, p=0.012), single/ divorced/ widowed (aOR= 2.11, 95% CI= 1.24-3.61, p=0.006) and students (aOR= 2.25, 95% CI= 1.01-5.01, p=0.048). Among exsmokers, only younger respondents (18-44 years old) was reported as being more likely to be current EC users (aOR= 3.81, 95% CI= 1.14-12.76, p=0.030). Conclusion: This study showed that currently using and ever having used ECs were more prevalent among current smokers. The reasons given for initiating EC use among current smokers were mainly wanting to try it, followed by intention to quit and to reduce tobacco smoking. Current EC use appears to be common among current smokers who are younger, urban residents, single/divorced/widowed and students. Therefore, EC cessation intervention strategies and policies should target these high-prevalence groups
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Abstract@#Introduction: Total restriction on smoking in the home is an effective tool to reduce Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in private dwellings. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of total smoking restrictions in Malaysian homes and factors associated with its adoption. Methods: We analyzed data from a cross-sectional, household study – the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2011, which involved a representative sample of Malaysian adults. Factors associated with the adoption of a totally smoke free home policy was determined by multivariable logistic regression. Results: Out of the 4250 respondents studied, 40.9% (95% CI 38.1-43.8) adopted a total smoking restriction within their homes. Adoption of total smoke-free home policy was significantly higher among Chinese and Indians, those without smokers in the house, non-smokers and government employees. The likelihood of adopting the total smoking restriction at home was lower among current smokers, of Malay ethnicity, low education attainment, having at least one house member who smoked, residing in rural areas, single or widow/widower/divorcee, those working in the private sector or self-employed. Conclusions: Less than half of Malaysian households implemented a total smoking restriction in their residence. Targeted activities to encourage the adoption of voluntary smoke-free rules among groups least likely to implement 100% smoking restrictions in the home are urgently needed with participation of all stakeholders to ensure its success.
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Following the reveal of borderline iodine sufficiency among the Sarawakians from the 2008 National Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) survey, a mandatory universal salt iodization (USI) was implemented in Sarawak thereafter. This study aimed to determine the current status of USI in Sarawak after a 3-year implementation of USI from 2008 to 2011. The IDD survey was conducted between Jun 2011 to July 2011 involving six districts in Sarawak (Sarikei, Mukah, Kapit, Sibu, Bintulu and Miri). The schools were selected via multistage proportionate-to-population size sampling technique and the children were randomly selected via systematic sampling. A total of 19 schools and 661 children were recruited into the survey. Thyroid size was determined by palpation and was and graded according to the classification of the World Health Organization (grade 0-2). The iodine excretion level in spot morning urine was measured using in-house microplate method. The urinary iodine concentration (UIC) values were compared by Kruskal-Wallis test and Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables. A total of 610 school children were participated in the study (92.3%). The TGR of grade 1 and 2 was found to be 0.3% (n = 2). Overall the median UIC level was 154.2 (IQR, 92.7 - 229.8) µg/L, with the highest median UIC been observed in Sarikei [178.0 (IQR, 117.6 - 308.9) µg/L], followed by Mukah [174.8 (IQR, 99.0 - 224.3) µg/L)], Miri [158.6 (IQR, 92.3 - 235.4) µg/L], Sibu [147.0 (IQR, 89.8 - 221.4) µg/L], Bintulu [142.3 (IQR, 52.8 - 245.1) µg/L] and Kapit [131.0 (IQR, 88.6 - 201.9) µg/L]. One in every ten child was of iodine deficient (UIC < 50µg/L) while a third of the child (32%) were of adequate level of UIC. The present findings indicate that the mandatory USI successfully improves the iodine level of children in Sarawak. However, regular and proper monitoring of the UIC level in the communities is needed to prevent excessive iodine intake.
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Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), is one of the most important micronutrient deficiencies which has multiple adverse effects on growth and development. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of IDD among school children and to elucidate the distribution of iodized salt at household level in Sarawak, East Malaysia. This cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 8 to 10 years in 2008. A multi-stage probability proportionate to population size (PPS) cluster sampling method was used to obtain a representative state sample of 1200 school children. Spot urine samples were collected for the determination of urinary iodine concentration while the iodine content in salt was determined using field rapid test kits. The thyroid status was determined by palpation. Response rate was 92.0% (n=1104/1200). The prevalence of goitre among school children in Sarawak was 2.9% (5.2% in urban, 0.7% in rural). The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) among the school children was 102.1 µg/L (IQR, 62.3-146.5 µg/L). Urban children had significantly higher median UIC of 109.3 µg/L (IQR, 72.4-159.0 µg/L) than their rural counterparts [91.9 µg/L (IQR, 55.7-140.2 µg/L)]. The salt samples tested by rapid test kit (RTK) showed only 46.0% of household salt contained iodine. The present study revealed that the population in Sarawak were of borderline iodine sufficient with mild IDD seen in rural areas. Hence, the state IDD control programmes need to encourage and advocate the consumption of iodized salt in order to eliminate IDD-related health problems in Sarawak.
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Child , Congenital Hypothyroidism , Goiter , Schools , MalaysiaABSTRACT
Iodine deficiency is still prevalent worldwide and it is the main cause of goiter, thyroid dysfunction and mental retardation. The aim of the study was to determine the iodine status and goiter prevalence among the school children in Terengganu. The representative sample consists of 1163 primary school children aged 8-10 years old randomly selected from urban and rural schools in Terengganu using stratified systematic random sampling technique. Urinary iodine levels in spot urine were determined by in house modified micro-method while goiter assessment was carried out by palpation of thyroid gland. The status of iodine deficiency was determined by the median urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) and total goiter prevalence (TGP) in accordance with the WHO criteria. The result showed the median [inter-quartile range (IQR)] urinary iodine concentrations was 78.7µg/L (50.1µg/L -120.0µg/L) indicating the iodine intake was slightly lower than recommended range of 100 µg/L. The rural school children had a significantly lower Iodine levels (median UIC=72.4µg/L, IQR=46.7µg/L -113.0µg/L) than the urban school children (median UIC=87.7µg/L, IQR=54.5 µg/L - 127.5µg/L). The total goiter prevalence (TGP) was 5.7%. The prevalence of goiter was significantly higher in rural (TGP=6.9%) compared to urban areas (TGP=3.6%). The study revealed that school children in Terengganu showed mild iodine deficiency and the condition is more pronounced in children from rural areas. The findings emphasize the importance of intervention implementation, universal salt iodization to ensure sufficient intake of iodine among the Terengganu school children.
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Child , Congenital Hypothyroidism , Thyroid Gland , GoiterABSTRACT
Social norms, though an important contributing factor of adolescent smoking in developed countries, has not been extensively studied in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to determine the association between certain perceived norms regarding smoking with smoking status among Malaysian secondary school students in Kota Tinggi, Johor. Data were collected from 2311 respondents consisting of 1379 male and 923 female secondary school students in Kota Tinggi district via a self administered questionnaire. Five perceived norms regarding smoking were assessed, namely: perceived peer smoking prevalence, perceived parental reaction towards adolescent smoking, perceived public perception of adolescent smoking, ever noticed peers smoking inside and outside school and perceived enforcement of anti-smoking policy in school and their association with smoking status. Multiple logistic regressions controlling for gender, peer smoking and family smoking was performed. Of the five perceived norms, four were associated with smoking status, (perceived peer smoking prevalence (p<0.001value), ever seen friends smoking inside or outside school (p <0.001), perceived parental reaction towards adolescent smoking (p<0.001 value) and perceived public disapproval (p <0.001)). Higher odds for smoking was observed for adolescents who: perceived a few (aOR 3.22), many (aOR 3.01) or a lot (aOR 3.52) of their peers smoke; had ever observed friends smoking in or outside of school (aOR 1.79); perceived their parents will react badly to smoking (aOR 0.84) or perceived the public disapprove of smoking (aOR 0.93). These results suggest that perception of social norms influence adolescents’ decision to smoke, thus measures to curb smoking incidence amongst adolescents should address these perceptions of social norms.