ABSTRACT
Objective To provide a simple, convenient, and safe anesthesia method for the establishment of a M1 segment of middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rhesus monkey or other large laboratory animals.Method Twenty male rhesus monkeys weighing 7-11 kg (ages 7-9 years) from Academy of Military Medical Sciences were used in this study.Sumianxin injection combined with 0.1 mg/kg ketamine was given before endotracheal intubation (ID:4.5-5.5#).The animals were then transported to an interventional operation room, where the intravenous access was established and a urinary catheter was inserted into the urinary bladder.Mechanical ventilation was used during the surgery, propofol was continuously injected in a speed of 2-4 mg/kg/h, and Sumianxin-ketamine could be given if necessary to maintain adequate anesthesia depth.The dose was adjusted according to vital signs of the rhesus such as body movements, physiological parameters, and demand of surgery.Brain MRI examination was performed before and after thrombolysis.Anesthetic injection was suspended and the animals were allowed to have a spontaneous breathing every time before the MRI text.Heart rates, temperature, non-invasive blood pressure, and SpO2 were monitored during the whole surgery.Blood samples were taken from the radial artery for blood gas analysis after anesthesia induction and during operation.Results All the 20 animals underwent the operation successfully, no animal had restlessness, respiratory depression, arrhythmia and other serious complications.At the end of the study, animals awake soon.Fifteen of them survived longer than 24 hours, only 5 died from serious cerebral hemorrhage and larger cerebral infarction.Conclusions General endotracheal anesthesia is safe for rhesus monkeys during such interventional operation and MRI examination.
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Objective To evaluate the relationship between inflammatory responses induced by perioperative infection and surgical stress and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice. Methods One hundred forty?four healthy male C57BL∕6 mice, aged 8-12 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=36 each) using a random number table: control group ( group C) , surgery group ( group S) , infection group ( group I) , and infection+surgery group ( group I+S) . In group S, the open reduction and internal fixation was performed after tibial fracture was induced. Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) 100 μg∕kg was injected intraperitoneally at the same time every day for 5 consecutive days starting from 1 day before surgery in group I. In group I+S, LPS 100 μg∕kg was injected intraperitoneally at the same time every day for 5 consecutive days starting from 1 day before surgery, and the open reduction and internal fixation was per?formed after tibial fracture was induced at 2 h after LPS injection on the day of surgery. Contextual fear con?ditioning test was performed on 1 and 3 days after surgery, and cognitive function was assessed. The rate of freezing time was calculated. The peripheral venous blood samples were collected for determination of plas?ma interleukin?6 ( IL?6) and IL?1β concentrations by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay. The animals were then sacrificed, and the hippocampi were isolated for determination of IL?6, IL?1β and prostaglandin E2 ( PGE2 ) contents in hippocampal tissues by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with group C, the rate of freezing time was significantly decreased on 1 and 3 days after surgery, and the contents of IL?6, IL?1βand PGE2 in hippocampal tissues were significantly increased on 1 and 3 days after surgery in S and I+S groups, the concentrations of plasma IL?6 and IL?1βwere significantly increased on 1 day after surgery, and the concentration of plasma IL?1βwas significantly increased on 3 days after surgery in group S, the concentrations of plasma IL?6 and IL?1β were significantly increased on 1 and 3 days after surgery in I and I+S groups ( P0?05) . Compared with group S or group I, the rate of freezing time was significantly decreased on 1 and 3 days after surgery, and the concentrations of IL?6 and IL?1βin plasma and contents of IL?6, IL?1β and PGE2 in hippocampal tissues were significantly increased on 1 and 3 days after surgery in group I+S ( P<0?01) . Conclusion Inflammatory responses induced by periopera?tive infection and surgical stress can aggravate postoperative cognitive dysfunction in mice.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of oxycodone or hydromorphone combined with propofol for colonoscopy.Methods A total of 150 patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,weighing 45-85 kg,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,undergoing colonoscopy,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=50) using a random number table:fentanyl combined with propofol group (group F),oxycodone combined with propofol group (group O) and hydromorphone combined with propofol (group H).In F,O and H groups,fentanyl 1 μg/kg,oxycodone 0.1 mg/kg and hydromorphone 0.02 mg/kg were injected over 60 s,respectively,and then propofol 1.5 mg/kg was injected intravenously.After eyelash reflex disappeared,a colonoscope was placed.When body movement occurred during examination,half of the initial dose of propofol was added.The time for induction of anesthesia,operation time,emergence time,recovery time,occurrence of adverse cardiovascular events,nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression,and amount of propofol consumed were recorded.Results There was no significant difference between the three groups in the time for induction of anesthesia,operation time,emergence time,recovery time,adverse cardiovascular events,respiratory depression,and amount of propofol consumed.Compared with group F,the incidence of nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression was significantly decreased,and the degree was reduced in H and O groups.No significant difference was found between group O and group H in the incidence of nausea and vomiting and respiratory depression and the degree.Conclusion Oxycodone or hydromorphone combined with propofol can be safely and effectively used for colonoscopy and the efficacy is better than that of fentanyl combined with propofol.