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ObjectiveTo evaluate the changes of the usage of oil， salt， sugar and nutritional knowledge and behavior intervention among diners before and after the establishment of healthy canteens and restaurants in Shanghai. MethodsA comprehensive intervention was conducted through the establishment of healthy canteens and restaurants， encompassing interventions such as oil， salt， and sugar management， improvement of nutritional environment， staffing and training activities， and nutrition labeling guidance. A pre-post self-controlled study design was used to compare changes in oil， salt and sugar usage， as well as diners’ knowledge and behaviors related to nutrition and nutrition labeling， before and after the intervention. ResultsAfter intervention， the total usage of oil， salt， and sugar per meal in the canteens and restaurants decreased by 18.33%， 14.83%， and 13.66%， respectively，and all had statistically significance differences（P<0.001）. The awareness rate of "cooking oil intake"， "salt intake"， and "added sugar intake" among diners increased from 24.07% to 38.04%， 58.52% to 71.28%， and 26.85% to 45.01%， respectively. The awareness rate of "daily food types" and "weekly food types" increased from 43.07% to 56.53% and 49.52% to 64.32%， with significant differences （P<0.001）. The rate of understanding the content of nutrition labels increased from 66.91% to 76.90%， the awareness rate of nutrition labels increased from 53.59% to 69.06%， the rate of active reading of nutrition labels among diners increased from 73.38% to 81.23%， and the rate of selecting and purchasing food based on the information of nutrition labels increased from 69.27% to 77.79%， all of which were statistically significant （P<0.001）. ConclusionThe comprehensive interventions carried out through the creation of healthy canteens and restaurants have significantly impact on usage of oil， salt， and sugar， as well as on the nutritional knowledge and behaviors of diners.
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Lung cancer tops the disease list in the world due to the high incidence and mortality， and about 85% of lung cancer cases is non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. Most NSCLC patients are in the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis， with a low 5-year survival. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） plays a role in the comprehensive treatment of malignant tumors. Oral Chinese patent medicines， as an important part of TCM， have the advantages of stable preparations， mild taste， simple package， and accurate effective ingredients， which are different from decoctions. They have been widely used in the adjuvant treatment of NSCLC. In clinical practice， the combination of oral Chinese patent medicines with chemotherapy， targeted therapy， or radiotherapy， as well as the application of the oral Chinese patent medicines alone， can increase efficiency， reduce toxicity， prolong the survival time of patients， and improve the quality of life. The mechanisms of oral Chinese patent medicines in the treatment of NSCLC mainly include inhibiting the proliferation， invasion， and metastasis of lung cancer cells， promoting the apoptosis of lung cancer cells， inhibiting tumor neovascularization， reversing multidrug resistance， and regulating the immune functions， which reflects the multi-pathway and multi-target manner of TCM. The oral Chinese patent medicines commonly used in the clinical treatment of NSCLC include Jinfukang oral liquid， Shenyi capsules， Pingxiao capsules， Xiao'aiping tablets， Kanglaite capsules， compound Cantharis capsules， Huisheng oral liquid， Yangzheng Xiaoji capsules， Xihuang pills， Zilongjin tablets， and Cinobufagin capsules. There are many clinical and basic studies about the treatment of NSCLC with these medicines， while a systematic review remains to be carried out. Therefore， we systematically reviewed the mechanisms and clinical application of commonly used oral Chinese patent medicines in the adjuvant treatment of NSCLC， aiming to provide reference for follow-up research and clinical treatment.
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Recently, limiting the excessive intake of added sugar has gradually become an important topic in the field of nutrition. Sugar, sweetened dairy products, and sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) are the three most important contributions of added sugar in China. For children, adolescents, and young adults, the issue of excessive intake of SSBs is not optimistic for now. Although the daily per capita intake of SSBs in China is currently at a low level on a global scale, the overall trend of SSBs production and consumption are rapidly increasing. Excessive intake of added sugar adversely affects glycolipid metabolism and multiple metabolic diseases, which is widely concerned and discussed. For the purpose of limiting added sugar, the gradually popularized use of sugar substitutes poses entirely new challenges. Multiple sugar-restriction strategies have been implemented and validated abroad. Given the rapid growth of consumption of added sugar and increasing evidence of related health hazards in China, there is a great need to improve the awareness of eating less added sugar for Chinese residents by multilevel strategies, and finally reduce the consumption of SSBs. In this article, the definition, history, and development of added sugar, main dietary sources, recommended limits, and both domestic and international consumption trends of added sugar were narrated. Then, the main health risks of added sugar and the global sugar-restriction strategies were briefly described. The article calls for raising awareness among Chinese residents of the health hazards of added sugar and limiting its excessive intake.
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Background Children and adolescents drink sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) frequently. Research has confirmed that SSBs associate with weight gain and overweight or obesity. However, it is unclear whether high SSBs intake associates with abnormal changes in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism before causing adverse health outcomes such as overweight and obesity. Early identification of associated health risks of overconsumption of SSBs have important public health implications. Objective To investigate the differences in physical growth and glucolipid metabolism between different SSBs intake frequency groups in normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years, and to evaluate the early effects of SSBs intake on physical growth and glycolipid metabolism before causing overweight and obesity, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of childhood overweight and obesity and related chronic diseases, and for the formulation of policies on the control of SSBs consumption. Methods Data were from the Shanghai Diet and Health Survey (SDHS) among primary and secondary school students. The participants were normal weight children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. Propensity scores were calculated according to energy intake and physical activity factors, after stratifying by age and gender. Participants were 1:1 matched with the closest propensity scores in the high-frequency (≥1 time·d−1) and the low-frequency (≤1 time·week−1) SSBs intake groups. The outcome indicators were physical measurements such as height, weight, percent of body fat, and waist circumference, and metabolic indicators such as fasting blood glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Food frequency questionnaire was used to collect SSBs consumption in the past three months through face-to-face interview. A paired t-test was used to compare the differences in physical and glycolipid metabolic indicators between the high-frequency intake group and the low-frequency intake group of SSBs. Results A total of 431 pairs were obtained. For children and adolescents in grades 6-9, overall height (difference=2.92 cm, P=0.002), weight (difference=2.53 kg, P=0.003), and waist circumference (difference=1.34 cm, P=0.035) were higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. For children and adolescents in grades 10-12, overall weight (difference=2.27 kg, P=0.041) was higher in those who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 than in those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. Over 95% of the study subjects reported blood glucose and lipid test results within the normal range; but girls in grades 1-5 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a higher total cholesterol (difference=0.20 mmol·L−1, P=0.027) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=0.19 mmol·L−1, P=0.010) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1; boys in grades 6-9 who consumed SSBs ≥1 time·d−1 had a lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (difference=-0.10 mmol·L−1, P=0.039) than those who consumed ≤1 time·week−1. Conclusion High-frequency intake of SSBs may be associated with higher total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 1-5, and higher weight in normal weight children and adolescents in grades 6-12. There is an urgent need to educate children and adolescents about nutritional health, enhance their ability to make healthy food and beverage choices, and take early interventions to control the intake of SSBs in children.
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The global production and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been on the rise in recent decades. The intake of SSBs has been increasing in China, and it is more prevalent among children and adolescents. As research continues to intensify, more and more studies have shown that, in addition to the increased risks of dental caries and obesity reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), SSBs intake can also increase risks of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gout, and cancer, and early death, adding to the burden of disease. Due to the health risks associated with the overconsumption of SSBs, many countries around the world have taken measures to control the intake. The main measures currently in place are taxation of SSBs, restrictions on marketing and sales of SSBs, front-of-package labeling and reducing availability of SSBs in schools. In China, the main measures currently in place are to control the sales of beverages in schools, with Shenzhen taking the lead in implementing health warning labeling to alcoholic beverages and carbonated beverages, extending the measures to reduce SSBs intake beyond school grounds.
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Objective:To explore the application and nursing of protein A immunosorbent in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases.Methods:Ten patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases were treated with protein A immunoadsorption therapy. Psychological nursing was emphasized. Comprehensive evaluation was conducted before adsorption to determine the prescription of adsorption therapy. During adsorption therapy, hypotension, membrane rupture and hemolysis of plasma separator, shivering and other adverse reactions were accurately prevented and treated. After treatment, attention should be paid to the prevention of nosocomial infection, regeneration and preservation of adsorption column.Results:After immunoadsorption therapy, the serum IgG level, antibody and EDSS score of 10 patients decreased to varying degrees. The serum IgG decreased from (6.04±2.77)g/L to (2.23±1.74)g/L. No serious complications occurred, no failure of immunosorbent operation, and the patients′ condition was better than before.Conclusions:Protein A immunosorbent therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum diseases is safe and effective. Standardized evaluation, operation and nursing are the key to achieve good results.
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Objective:To summarize the nursing experience of a puerperal woman with cryptococcal meningitis complicated with intracranial venous sinus thrombosis.Methods:Before the surgery, the patient′s consciousness, pupil, headache and other symptoms of cranial hypertension closely were observed. And the prodromal stage of cerebral hernia was timely detected and the emergency rescue measures if needed was implemented. The cause of intracranial venous sinus thrombosis was analyzed and the risk intervention was carried out. At the same time, the blood potassium concentration was closely monitored, the hypokalemia was effectively controlled, and the anticoagulant observation and nursing was performed. Cooperated with doctors for intracranial venous sinus angiography+ balloon dilatation. The postoperative complications were prevented and patients′ health and psychology was remodeled.Results:The patient recovered well physically and psychologically after the operation.Conclusions:Effective clinical observation, symptom management, risk intervention and prevention of complications can promote patient recovery.
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Objective@#To explore the effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation on stroke associated pneumonia by the ICU specialist nurses.@*Methods@#Totally 40 cases of stroke patients from January 2017 to June 2017 were selected into the control group, and 44 cases of stroke patients from July 2017 to December 2017 were set as the intervention group. The patients in the control group were given routine care, and those in the experimental group were given early pulmonary rehabilitation in addition to routine care by ICU specialist nurses. The clinical outcome such as the occurrence of SAP, the length of intensive care units (ICU) stay and the duration of mechanical ventilation were compared.@*Results@#The incidence of SAP in the intervention group was 13.64%(6/44), significantly lower than that 32.50(13/40) in the control group (χ2=4.26, P<0. 05), and the length of ICU stay the duration of mechanical ventilation were (5.59±3.93), (3.2±0.84)days, which were lower than (8.50±7.89), ((13.13±9.58)days in the control group (t=2.106,2.678, P<0.05) , the prealbumin levels was (219.43±59.71) mg/L,higher than (192.20±54.85) mg/L in the control group (t=-2.170, P<0.05) , the difference was statistically significant.@*Conclusion@#Early pulmonary rehabilitation can effectively reduce the incidence of SAP and better clinical outcome. And we also should improve the SAP risk assessment and the management of swallowing and nutrition.
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Objective@#To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis E Virus antibody (anti-HEV) in people aged 1-29 years in China in 2014.@*Methods@#Based on database of the national serologic survey of hepatitis B in people aged 1-29 years in China, in 2014, the sample size was estimated. The serum samples of the people surveyed were randomly selected to detect anti-HEV IgG by using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical software SAS 9.1.3 was used to calculate the positive rate of anti-HEV and 95% confidence interval (CI) in different age, gender groups, urban and rural areas and geographic areas by using the Taylor series linear method with sampling weight. The difference was determined by comparing 95%CI.@*Results@#A total of 14 106 serum samples were detected from people aged 1-29 years, including 6 996 males (49.60%), 7 013 urban residents (49.72%). The positive rate of anti-HEV was 8.12%(95%CI: 7.19-9.15) in people aged 1-29 years. There was no statistical difference between the men and women, between urban area and rural area. The positive rates of anti-HEV in western area(11.36%, 95%CI: 9.45-13.62) was higher than those in eastern and central areas. The positive rates of anti-HEV were 2.46%, 2.24%, 4.50%, 7.58%, 11.89% and 17.27% in people aged 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20- and 25-29 years, respectively. As the age increased, the positive rate of anti-HEV gradually increased. In different ethnic groups, the positive rate of anti-HEV was higher in Tibetan (18.32%, 95%CI: 12.02-26.90), Zhuang (9.54%, 95%CI: 4.33-19.73) ethnic groups.@*Conclusion@#The positive rate of anti-HEV declined slightly in China in 2014. It is still necessary to pay close attention to the HEV infection, morbidity of hepatitis E and risk factors in people aged 1-29 years.
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Objective To investigate the correlations of high mobility group protein box-1 (HMGB1) level with severity and prognoses of acute cerebral infarction.MethodsBetween April 2018 and October 2018, 300 patients with acute cerebral infarction and 122 healthy control subjects were enrolled. According to National Institute of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) scores, patients with acute cerebral infarction were divided into group A (NIHSS scores<5), group B (5≤NIHSS scores≤15) and group C (NIHSS scores≥16). According to modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores, patients were divided into good prognosis group (mRS scores≤2) and poor prognosis group (mRS scores>2) after 3 months of follow up. The serum levels of HMGB1, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in different groups were detected and compared. Pearson correlation analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to analyze the correlations of serum HMGB1 level with other indicators and evaluate their predictive values in poor prognosis.Results The serum HMGB1 level in the acute cerebral infarction patients was significantly higher than that in the controls ([7.98±3.99]μg/Lvs. [4.61±1.02]μg/L,P<0.05); the serum HMGB1 level in the group C was significantly higher than that in group B ([12.86±1.91]μg/Lvs. [7.30±1.07]μg/L,P<0.05), and that in group B was statistically higher than that in group A ([7.30±1.07]μg/Lvs. [3.78±0.95]μg/L,P<0.05). Serum HMGB1 level was positively correlated with LDL-C level and NIHSS scores (r=0.521,P=0.000;r=0.931,P=0.000), and negatively correlated with HDL-C level (r=-0.114,P=0.001). The serum HMGB1 level in good prognosis group was significantly lower than that in poor prognosis group ([6.52± 3.29]μg/Lvs. [9.88±4.03]μg/L,P<0.05), and the serum HMGB1 level was positively correlated with mRS scores (r=0.160,P=0.000). The area under the curve of HMGB1 predicting poor prognosis of acute cerebral infarction (0.736[95％CI: 0.677-0.795]) was larger than that under the curve of LDL-C predicting poor prognosis of acute cerebral infarction (0.634[95％CI: 0.570-0.698]).ConclusionSerum HMGB1 level in patients with acute cerebral infarction is significantly increased, which is related to severity of disease, and has certain predictive value in prognoses of acute cerebral infarction.
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Objective To investigate the factors influencing the disease-free survival (DFS) and prognosis of patients with non small cell lung cancer after Ⅲa stage resection, and to evaluate the effect of traditional Chinese medicine intervention.Methods A total of 148 cases met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study. The DFS, 1-, 2- and 3-year disease-free survival rates were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis were used to investigate the prognostic factors.Results In the analysis of 148 cases, the DFS was 17.49 months, 1 years, 2 years, 3 years disease-free survival rates were 62％, 40％, 29％. Single factor analysis showed that the duration of DFS was 21.03 months, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001) for 8.26 months without the intervention of Chinese medicine (TCM). Open chest surgery, syndrome differentiation, oral medicine, oral medicine dialectical decoction continuous time, vein used traditional Chinese medicine preparation course, traditional Chinese medicine to the route of administration, multidisciplinary intervention methods for prognosis related factors(P<0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that vein used traditional Chinese medicine preparation course (≥4 courses) and traditional Chinese medicine intervention (≥six months time), syndrome differentiation, oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine combined with intravenous preparations continued administration were the non-independent protective factors for disease-free survival and prognosis (P<0.05). Postoperative application of intravenous formulation more than or equal to four courses showed 57.1％ risks of recurrence and metastasis than the those fewer than 4 courses. After operation is Postoperative continued intervention of traditional Chinese medicine more than or equal to 6 months showed 50.4％ risks of recurrence and metastasis than the those fewer than 6 months. Postoperative adminstration of intravenous and oral traditional Chinese medicine showed 27.7％ risks of recurrence and metastasis than the those fewer than only TCM syndromes differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine.Conclusions The combination of syndrome differentiation with oral and intravenous application of traditional Chinese medicine helps to delay the recurrence and metastasis of postoperative stage Ⅲa NSCLC.
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Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of biofeedback electrical stimulation plus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after total hysterectomy.Methods The research objects who underwent total hysterectomy and complicated SUI were selected from January 2014 to December 2017 in our hospital.They were randomly divided into two groups:the study group (n =55) received biofeedback electrical stimulation plus PFMT treatment,while the control group (n=55) received PFMT treatment only.To record and compare the efficacy related indicators of the two groups.Results The indexes and scores of 3/6 months in the two groups were significantly improvedafter treatment.After 3 months the treatment,the study group had less leakage of urine [(4.3 ± 1.2)g vs (5.7 ± 1.9) g],better recovery of muscle strength of Ⅰ/Ⅱ muscle fibers [(3.5 ± 0.9) grade vs (2.8 ± 1.1) grade &(3.7 ± 0.6) grade vs (3.2 ± 1.2) grade],and better score of international consultation on incontinence questionnaire-short form (ICI-Q-SF) questionnaire [(2.7 ± 1.4) vs (4.5 ± 2.2)] compared with the control group,with statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05).After 6 months treatment,compared with the contiol group,the study group had less leakage of urine pad test [(1.4 ± 0.7) g vs (2.6 ± 1.1) g],better recovery of muscle strength of type Ⅰ/Ⅱ muscle fiber [(4.2 ±0.8) grade vs (3.5 ± 1.1)grade & (4.7 ±0.5) grade vs (4.0 ±0.9)grade],and better ICI-Q-SF score [(2.7 ± 1.4) vs (4.5 ±2.2)] (P ≤0.05).Conclusions Compared with using the PFMT alone,biofeedback electrical stimulation plus PFMT treatment had less leakage,better pelvic floor muscle strength and better subjective symptoms.
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Objective To explore the effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation on stroke associated pneumonia by the ICU specialist nurses. Methods Totally 40 cases of stroke patients from January 2017 to June 2017 were selected into the control group, and 44 cases of stroke patients from July 2017 to December 2017 were set as the intervention group. The patients in the control group were given routine care, and those in the experimental group were given early pulmonary rehabilitation in addition to routine care by ICU specialist nurses. The clinical outcome such as the occurrence of SAP, the length of intensive care units (ICU) stay and the duration of mechanical ventilation were compared. Results The incidence of SAP in the intervention group was 13.64% (6/44), significantly lower than that 32.50(13/40) in the control group ( χ2=4.26﹐P＜0. 05)﹐and the length of ICU stay the duration of mechanical ventilation were (5.59±3.93), (3.2±0.84)days﹐which were lower than (8.50±7.89),((13.13±9.58)days in the control group (t=2.106,2.678﹐P＜0.05), the prealbumin levels was(219.43±59.71)mg/L,higher than(192.20±54.85) mg/L in the control group(t=-2.170﹐P＜0.05), the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion Early pulmonary rehabilitation can effectively reduce the incidence of SAP and better clinical outcome. And we also should improve the SAP risk assessment and the management of swallowing and nutrition.
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Objective:To optimize the extraction technology of tetrahydropalmatine in Corydalis yanhusuo. Methods:An L9 (34 ) orthogonal experiment was performed to investigate the effects of ethanol concentration, ethanol amount, extraction temperature and ex-traction time on the extraction results with the content of tetrahydropalmatine as the evaluation index. Results:The optimum conditions were as follows:the solid-liquid ratio was 1 :10 ( g·ml-1 ) , 60% ethanol was used as the extraction solvent, the extraction tempera-ture was at 80 ° C for three-time extraction, and the extraction duration for each time was 1 h. Conclusion: The optimized extraction technology for tetrahydropalmatine from Corydalis yanhusuo is stable, reasonable, feasible and easy-operated with low energy consump-tion, which can enhance the comprehensive utilization of Corydalis yanhusuo.
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Objective@#To study the relationship between the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and HBV gene characteristics among the HCC patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.@*Methods@#Some acute and chronic hepatitis B patients were collected as control group and HBV associated HCC patients as HCC group. Serum samples of subjects were tested for HBV serological markers. HBV DNA of those samples had been extracted and nested PCR was used to amplify the sequence of HBV DNA. Furthermore, MEGA 6.0 and Bioedit softwares were used to made phylogenetic trees and analyze the gene mutations.@*Results@#The sequences of S region and BCP/Precore region of HBV were amplified from 86 samples in study group and 39 samples in control group. The prevalence of PreS deletion, A1762T and A1762T/G1764A in HCC group were 39.53%, 74.42% and 72.09% respectively, and in control group were 20.51%, 53.85% and 53.85% respectively. The statistical differences of them were significant. The prevalence of A1762T and A1762T/G1764A in ≥ 50 years group were higher than that of < 50 years group. The prevalence of A1762T, G1764A and A1762T/G1764A of subjects who infected genotype C were higher than those infected genotype B. On the contrary, the prevalence of G1896A of subjects who infected genotype C were lower than that of genotype B. It was found that ≥ 50 years, genotype C and G1896A mutation were independently associated with HCC. The risk for suffer from HCC of ≥50 years group, genotype C group and G1896A group were 9.349, 28.875 and 7.648 times compared with < 50 years group genotype B group and without G1896A mutation group, respectively.@*Conclusions@#The population of ≥50 years or genotype C had a higher prevalence of A1762T, A1762T/G1764A, ≥50years、genotype C、G1896A were independently associated with HCC, as compared with the subjects of the control group.
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Objective@#To evaluate the effect of hepatitis B prevention and control by comparative analysis on the results of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc prevalence from national hepatitis B seroepidemiological surveys in 1992 and 2014 in different epidemic regions of China.@*Methods@#Data was from the national seroepidemiological surveys of hepatitis B conducted in 1992 and 2014. The survey in 1992 was conducted in 145 disease surveillance points of 30 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan province) in China. The survey in 2016 was conducted in 160 disease surveillance points of 31 provinces (excluding Hong Kong, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan province) in China. In the two surveys, face-to-face interviews with the subject by door to door or on the investigation site were conducted by trained staff using standard questionnaires to obtain basic information including birth date, gender, ethnicity, resident place and so on. And then 5 ml venous blood was collected to test the sero-markers of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc. We analyzed unweighted point prevalence and 95% CI of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc in 1992 which had no design weighting, and analyzed weighted point prevalence and 95%CI of HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc in 2014 which had design weighting.@*Results@#34 291 and 31 713 people aged 1-29 years were involved in 1992 and 2014 national serosurveys of China, respectively. For the people aged 1-29 years, HBsAg prevalence was 2.64% (95%CI: 2.28%-3.06%) in 2014 and decreased by 73.92% as compared with the rate 10.13% (95% CI: 9.81%-10.45%) in 1992. Anti-HBc prevalence was 13.01% (95%CI: 12.09%-14.00%) in 2014 and decreased by 71.61% as compared with the rate 45.84% (95% CI: 45.31%-46.37%) in 1992. Anti-HBs prevalence was 57.79% (95%CI: 56.33%-59.25%) in 2014 and ascended by 127.41% as compared with the rate 25.41% (95% CI: 24.95%-25.87%) in 1992. In high, medium and low epidemic region, for the people who born during 1992-2001 when hepatitis B vaccine was introduced in routine immunization management, HBsAg prevalence was 4.74% (95%CI: 3.79%-5.69%), 1.59% (95%CI: 1.09%-2.10%) and 2.53% (95%CI: 1.66%-3.39%), respectively, and anti-HBs prevalence was 64.25% (95% CI: 62.11%-66.39%), 56.34% (95% CI: 54.50%-58.57%), 54.49% (95%CI: 51.75%-57.23%), respectively, and anti-HBc prevalence was 15.16% (95%CI: 13.56%-16.76%), 11.07% (95%CI: 9.80%-12.33%), 7.61% (95%CI: 6.15%-9.07%), respectively. In high, medium and low epidemic region, for the people who born during 2002-2013 the duration which hepatitis B vaccine was integrated in expanded immunization program born during when HBsAg prevalence was 0.88% (95%CI: 0.66%-1.11%), 0.37% (95%CI: 0.24%-0.49%)and 0.71% (95%CI: 0.48%-0.94%), respectively, and anti-HBs prevalence was 60.74% (95%CI: 59.57%-61.90%), 59.46% (95%CI: 58.44%-60.49%), 52.56% (95% CI: 51.20%-53.92%), respectively, and anti-HBc prevalence was 3.30% (95% CI: 2.87%-3.72%), 1.91% (95%CI: 1.63%-2.20%), 2.25% (95%CI: 1.85%-2.66%), respectively.@*Conclusion@#China had made great achievement in hepatitis B prevention and control. HBsAg prevalence among people aged 1-29 years old in 2014 decreased dramatically as compared with that in 1992. Since hepatitis B vaccine was integrated into expanded immunization program, China reduced HBsAg prevalence to less than 1% among people aged 1-12 years in 2014 in different epidemic region.
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The monitoring of chronic diseases , including diabetes , hypertension , coronary heart disease and osteoporosis among residents in the community was conducted by Shanghai Changfeng Community Health Service Center , and the identification of physical constitution according to Traditional Chinese Medicine system was performed simultaneously .The medical checkup report and advices on prevention and treatment was provided to the residents , so that they know better about their health condition and its management .
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We wished to undertake molecular genetic typing and evaluate recombinants of the hepatitis-B virus (HBV) in Tibet (China). Multistage random sampling was used to collect HBsAg-positive samples. Nested polymerase chain reactions were used to amplify the whole sequence of the HBV. DNAstar, MEGA6 and SimPlot were used to assemble sequences, create phylogenetic trees, and undertake recombination analyses. Twelve whole sequences of the HBV of a Tibetan population were collected using these methods. Results showed that all 12 strains were C/D recombinants. Nine of the recombinations were at nt750, and the other three at nt1526. Therefore, the 12 strains could be divided into two types of recombinants: C/Da and C/Db. Analyses of the sequence of the whole genome revealed that the 12 strains belonged to genotype C, and that the nucleotide distance was > 4% between the 12 strains and sub-genotypes C1 to C15 in Genbank. The most likely sub-genotype was C1. Individuals with C/Da were from central and northern Tibet (e.g., Lasa, Linzhi, Ali) and those with C/Db recombinants were from Shannan in southern Tibet. These data suggest that the two types of recombinants had a good distribution in Tibet. Also, they can provide important information for studies on HBV recombination, gene features, virus evolution, as well as the control and prevention of HBV infection in Tibet.
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Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Genotype , Hepatitis B , Virology , Hepatitis B virus , Classification , Genetics , Phylogeny , Recombination, Genetic , Sequence Analysis, DNA , TibetABSTRACT
The clinical handover, which is associated with the observation of the changes in patients′ status and the implementation of nursing process, plays a vital role in critical care. Also, the quality of clinical hand-over has a far-reaching impact on patient safety due to the complicate condition of critical patients. Over the past few years, lots of studies have focused on the many aspects of clinical handover such as the contents of clinical handover, the standard procedure of clinical handover so as to reduce the risks associated with the unsystematic clinical handover.
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Objective To evaluate the injury of optic radiation after ischemic stroke with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Methods From September, 2014 to September, 2015, twenty-one ischemic stroke inpatients with visual field defects were tested with DTI, and measured the fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of both sides in different time. The correlation of FA and ADC to visual field mean defect (MD) in the same time was analyzed. Results The FA of affected sides was lower than that of healthy sides twenty-four hours (t=2.38, P<0.05), one week (t=15.60, P<0.01) and four weeks (t=19.13, P<0.01) after stroke, and the ADC was also lower twenty-four hours (t=10.13, P<0.01) and one week (t=6.06, P<0.01) after stroke. The FA correlated with MD one (r=0.581, P<0.01) and four weeks (r=0.703, P<0.01) after stroke, and the ADC correlated with MD twenty-four hours after stroke (r=0.519, P<0.05). The FA of one (r=0.525, P<0.05) and four weeks (r=0.762, P<0.01) after stroke correlated with MD six months after stroke. Conclusion DTI can be used to evaluate the injury of optic radiation after ischemic stroke.